舒芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注对心脏瓣膜置换患者气管插管和转流前血流动力学的影响

目的 评价不同效应室浓度(C=e)的舒芬太尼复合相同Ce的丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)对心脏瓣膜置换患者气管插管和心肺转流(CPB)前血流动力学的影响.方法 择期在CPB下行心脏瓣膜置换术的风湿性心脏病患者48例,根据舒芬太尼Ce,随机均分为四组.麻醉诱导:咪达唑仑0.05mg/kg,丙泊酚Ce 1.8μg/ml TCI,罗库溴铵0.9mg/kg,舒芬太尼靶控浓度分别为0.6 ng/ml(Ⅰ组)、0.8ng/ml(Ⅱ组)、1.0 ng/ml(Ⅲ组)、1.2 ng/ml(Ⅳ组).记录麻醉诱导前(T<,0>)、麻醉诱导后(T<,1>)、气管插管后1 min(T<,2>)、3min(T<,3>)、5 min(T<,4>)、切皮前(T<,5>0、切皮时(T<,6>)、劈胸时(T<,7>)及(CPB 前 5 min(T<,8>)的HR、MAP、中心静脉压(CVP)及脑电双频指数(BIS),并统计气管插管和CPB前血管活性药物的使用情况.结果 与Ⅰ组比较,T<,1>时Ⅲ组、T<,1>～T<,3>时Ⅳ组的HR明显减慢(P<0.05);T<,1>、T<,2>时Ⅳ组的MAP明显降低(P<0.05).在血管活性药物的使用上,Ⅲ组使用去氧肾上腺素、尼卡地平、艾司洛尔的病例少于Ⅰ组(P<0.05),Ⅳ组使用尼卡地平、艾司洛尔病例少于Ⅰ组(P<0.05).结论 不同Ce的舒芬太尼复合Ce为1.8 μg/ml的丙泊酚TCI均能抑制心脏瓣膜置换术患者气管插管和CPB前的血流动力学应激反应,其中1.0 ng/ml的舒芬太尼复合1.8 μg/ml的丙泊酚TCI能更有效维护心脏瓣膜置换术患者气管插管和CPB前的血流动力学稳定.     

视频喉镜引导困难气管插管的护理配合

对69例气管插管困难患者在视频喉镜引导下气管插管成功,无一例因护理配合不当出现并发症。提出术前做好用物准备,对患者气管插管困难进行预测及判断患者有无寰椎关节运动受限或张口异常,针对性做好应对措施;术中熟练操作步骤,密切配合,加强生命体征观察,可提高气管插管成功率、减少损伤、增加安全性。     

Indirect versus direct laryngoscopy for routine nasotracheal intubation

Study Objective

To compare the effectiveness of the indirect laryngoscopes, Airtraq (A) and GlideScope (G), with the Macintosh (M) laryngoscope in routine nasotracheal intubation.

Design

Randomized, single-blinded study.

Setting

University-affiliated, tertiary-care hospital.

Patients

62 adult, ASA physical status 1 and 2 patients with normal airways requiring nasotracheal intubation for dental or maxillofacial surgery.

Intervention

Patients in Groups A and G underwent nasal intubation with the Airtraq and GlideScope, respectively, while laryngoscopy in Group M was performed with the Macintosh blade.

Measurements

Performance of the intubating tools was judged by the ease [Intubation Difficulty Scale (IDS) and numeric rating scale (NRS)] and time to intubation (laryngoscopy and endotracheal tube advancement). In addition, hemodynamic parameters, severity of postoperative sore throat, and posture of the intubator were recorded.

Main Results

IDS score was significantly lower with the Airtraq and GlideScope than with the Macintosh laryngoscope (mean ± SD: A 0.1 ± 0.3, G 0.3 ± 0.6, M 0.8 ± 1.0; P = 0.013). NRS reported by the intubators showed a similar preference for indirect over direct laryngoscopy (A 0.9 ± 0.7, G 1.1 ± 0.6, M 1.9 ± 1.1; P = 0.001). Duration of laryngoscopy and endotracheal tube insertion was similar in all groups. No significant intergroup differences in hemodynamic parameters were recorded. Postoperative sore throat was significantly reduced using the GlideScope compared with the other devices (P = 0.048).

Conclusion

The Airtraq and GlideScope facilitated nasotracheal intubation more so than the Macintosh laryngoscope in adults with apparently normal airways.     

General anesthesia for cesarean delivery at a tertiary care hospital from 2000 to 2005: a retrospective analysis and 10-year update

Background

Complications from general anesthesia for cesarean delivery are a leading cause of anesthesia-related mortality. As a consequence, the overall use of general anesthesia in this setting is becoming less common. The impact and implications of this trend are considered in relation to a similar study performed at our institution 10 years ago.

Methods

The hospital database for all cesarean deliveries performed during six calendar years (January 1, 2000 through December 31, 2005) was reviewed. The medical records of all parturients who received general anesthesia were examined to collect personal details and data pertinent to the indications for cesarean delivery and general anesthesia, mode of airway management and associated anesthetic complications.

Results

Cesarean deliveries accounted for 23.65% to 31.51% of an annual total ranging from 8543 to 10091 deliveries. The percentage of cases performed under general anesthesia ranged from 0.5% to 1%. A perceived lack of time for neuraxial anesthesia accounted for more than half of the general anesthesia cases each year, with maternal factors accounting for 11.1% to 42.9%. Failures of neuraxial techniques accounted for less than 4% of the general anesthesia cases. There was only one case of difficult intubation and no anesthesia-related mortality was recorded.

Conclusion

The use of general anesthesia for cesarean delivery is low and declining. These trends may reflect the early and increasing use of neuraxial techniques, particularly in parturients with co-existing morbidities. A significant reduction in exposure of trainees to obstetric general anesthesia has been observed.     

罗库溴铵和阿曲库铵的预注量对相互起效的影响

目的　研究罗库溴铵和阿曲库铵的预注量对相互起效和插管条件的影响。方法　 6 0例患者随机平均分成六组。麻醉诱导用地西泮、硫喷妥钠和芬太尼。Ⅰ组和Ⅳ组分别静注罗库溴铵0 6mg/kg和阿曲库铵 0 5mg/kg ,Ⅱ组和Ⅴ组预注罗库溴铵 0 0 6mg/kg ,Ⅲ组和Ⅵ组阿曲库铵0 0 5mg/kg。 3分钟后Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组静注罗库溴铵 0 5 4mg/kg ,Ⅴ组和Ⅵ组阿曲库铵 0 4 5mg/kg。观察插管量后的起效时间和气管插管条件。结果　Ⅲ组的起效时间为 (6 7 6± 14 2 )秒稍短于Ⅰ组的(73 1± 13 4 )秒和Ⅱ组的 (76 3± 15 3)秒 (P >0 0 5 )。Ⅴ组和Ⅵ组的起效时间为 (93 8± 2 2 4 )秒和(115 8± 14 9)秒 ,比Ⅳ组 (15 6 0± 37 2 )秒的短 (P <0 0 5和P <0 0 1) ,Ⅴ组的起效时间也显著短于Ⅵ组。气管插管条件Ⅴ组较Ⅳ组明显改善。结论　预注罗库溴铵不能使罗库溴铵的起效增快。预注罗库溴铵使阿曲库铵的起效明显增快 ,插管条件改善 ;预注罗库溴铵比预注阿曲库铵对阿曲库铵起效的增快作用更明显     

罗库溴铵以限时法和预注法行快速气管插管的比较

目的 比较罗库溴铵以限时法和预注法行快速气管插管的条件、肌松效应及对循环系统的影响。方法 限时（Ⅰ、Ⅱ）组诱导前30秒静注0.6mg/kg罗库溴铵,诱导后45秒（I）、60秒（Ⅱ）行气管内插管,预注（Ⅲ）组诱导前2分钟预注0.06mg/kg罗库溴铵（诱导量0.54mg/kg）,诱导后60秒行气管内插管。记录拇内收肌诱发颤搐反应的抑制和恢复过程,评价各组插管效果。结果气管内插管条件各组间无明显差异;气管内插管时T1抑制百分比Ⅲ组明显小于其他各组;各且对循环系统的都很小。结论 罗库溴铵以限时法行快速气管插管较预注法为佳。     

Influence of head and neck position on cuff position and oropharyngeal sealing pressure with the laryngeal mask airway in children

We studied how head and neck position affect the cuff positionand oropharyngeal sealing pressures of the laryngeal mask airways(LMAs) in children. We studied 39 non-paralyzed healthy childrenaged 1.5–8.0 yr, weighing 10.3–27.0 kg, managedwith size 2 or 2.5 LMAs during elective surgery. Head and neckmovements did not adversely affect airway patency in 97% ofpatients. One child developed apparent airway obstruction withhead and neck flexion, which was relieved in the neutral position.Oropharyngeal sealing pressure was significantly greater duringneck flexion compared with the neutral position (P<0.02).Fibreoptic examination revealed that the epiglottis covereda larger area of the LMA aperture during neck flexion, comparedwith the neutral position (P<0.02). Br J Anaesth 2001; 86: 122–4     

Use of angulated video-intubation laryngoscope in children undergoing manual in-line neck stabilization

Laryngeal views obtained during direct laryngoscopy with andwithout manual in-line neck stabilization (MILNS) and duringvideo-assisted intubation with MILNS using the angulated video-intubationlaryngoscope were assessed in 100 paediatric patients (aged0.25–17.3 yr). Visualization of the larynx (Cormack andLehane score) as well as time taken for video-assisted trachealintubation by six nurses and four resident anaesthetists notexperienced in the technique were recorded. Cormack and Lehanescores were significantly worse during direct laryngoscopy whenMILNS was applied. Video-assisted visualization of the larynxduring MILNS produced scores, which were as good or better thanthose observed during direct laryngoscopy alone. Intubationtimes ranged from 19–75 s (mean 35 (SD 13.4); median 32). Br J Anaesth 2001; 87: 453–8     

A case of unexpected difficult airway due to lingual tonsil hypertrophy

Clinical value of preoperative bedside screening tests for predicting difficult airway remains limited. Asymptomatic lingual tonsil hypertrophy is a known cause of unexpected difficult airway. We report a case as a reminder of this.     

Emergency Medical Service (EMS) systems in developed and developing countries

OBJECTIVES: To compare patient- and injury-related characteristics of trauma victims and pre-hospital trauma care systems among different developed and developing countries. METHOD: We collated de-identified patient-level data from national or local trauma registries in Australia, Austria, Canada, Greece, Germany, Iran, Mexico, New Zealand, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. Patient and injury-related characteristics of trauma victims with injury severity score (ISS) >15 and the pre-hospital trauma care provided to these patients were compared among different countries. RESULTS: A total of 30,339 subjects from one or several regions in 11 countries were included in this analysis. Austria (51%), Germany (41%) and Australia (30%) reported the highest proportion of air ambulance use. Monterrey, Mexico (median 10.1min) and Montreal, Canada (median 16.1min) reported the shortest and Germany (median: 30min) and Austria (median: 26min) reported the longest scene time. Use of intravenous fluid therapy among advanced EMS systems without physicians as pre-hospital care providers, varied from 30% (in the Netherlands) to 55% (in the US). The corresponding percentages in advanced EMS systems with physicians actively involved in pre-hospital trauma care, excluding Montreal in Canada, ranged from 63% (in London, in the UK) to 75% in Germany and Austria. Austria and Germany also reported the highest percentage of pre-hospital intubation (61% and 56%, respectively). CONCLUSION: This study provides an early look at international variability in patient mix, process of care, and performance of different pre-hospital trauma care systems worldwide. International efforts should be devoted to developing a minimum standard data set for trauma patients.