大学生成就目标定向、自我效能感和状态焦虑的关系研究

目的探讨大学生成就目标定向、自我效能感和状态焦虑之间的关系。方法随机抽取350名大学生进行问卷调查。结果①女生的状态焦虑水平显著高于男生，而自我效能感显著低于男生；文科学生焦虑水平显著高于理科学生。②合作取向目标和状态焦虑之间呈显著负相关，自我-趋向型目标和状态焦虑之间呈显著正相关；自我效能感和状态焦虑之间呈显著负相关；自我效能感和成就目标定向总分及合作取向目标、社会亲密目标、任务目标、自我-趋向型目标之间呈显著正相关，和自我-逃避型目标相关不显著。③自我-趋向型目标及自我效能感直接影响状态焦虑，合作取向目标和任务目标通过自我效能感间接影响状态焦虑。结论成就目标定向、自我效能感和状态焦虑之间关系密切。     

达标理论在精神分裂症患者健康教育中的应用

目的探讨达标理论在精神分裂症患者健康教育中的应用效果。方法将160例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为观察组和对照组各80例,两组均进行精神分裂症常规健康教育,观察组在此基础上应用达标理论实施有针对性健康教育,观察住院全程。于健康教育前后采用自行设计的健康知识测评表、依从性调查问卷、护理工作满意度调查问卷对两组患者的健康教育效果进行测评分析。结果两组患者健康知识测评表评分、治疗依从性、患者及家属对护理工作满意度均较健康教育前显著提高（P均〈0．01）,但观察组较对照组提高更显著（P〈0．01）。结论应用达标理论进行健康教育,能显著提高健康教育效果及护理服务质量和工作满意度。     

Application of a six sigma model to evaluate the analytical performance of urinary biochemical analytes and design a risk‐based statistical quality control strategy for these assays: A multicenter study

BackgroundThe six sigma model has been widely used in clinical laboratory quality management. In this study, we first applied the six sigma model to (a) evaluate the analytical performance of urinary biochemical analytes across five laboratories, (b) design risk‐based statistical quality control (SQC) strategies, and (c) formulate improvement measures for each of the analytes when needed.MethodsInternal quality control (IQC) and external quality assessment (EQA) data for urinary biochemical analytes were collected from five laboratories, and the sigma value of each analyte was calculated based on coefficients of variation, bias, and total allowable error (TEa). Normalized sigma method decision charts for these urinary biochemical analytes were then generated. Risk‐based SQC strategies and improvement measures were formulated for each laboratory according to the flowchart of Westgard sigma rules, including run sizes and the quality goal index (QGI).ResultsSigma values of urinary biochemical analytes were significantly different at different quality control levels. Although identical detection platforms with matching reagents were used, differences in these analytes were also observed between laboratories. Risk‐based SQC strategies for urinary biochemical analytes were formulated based on the flowchart of Westgard sigma rules, including run size and analytical performance. Appropriate improvement measures were implemented for urinary biochemical analytes with analytical performance lower than six sigma according to the QGI calculation.ConclusionsIn multilocation laboratory systems, a six sigma model is an excellent quality management tool and can quantitatively evaluate analytical performance and guide risk‐based SQC strategy development and improvement measure implementation.     

关于医院集团的战略思考

医院集团作为医院改革的一种成功模式，使阻碍医院发展的一些重大问题得以解决；其组建的目的在于更好地实现医院的战略目标。医院集团具有不同的类型与组建方式，其成功的关键在于运作机制和管理水平；而组织文化建设对于医院集团的长远发展具有重要意义。     

目标驱动教学法在大学计算机基础教学中的应用

介绍了基于建构主义的目标驱动教学法,并在此基础上阐述了在我校大学计算机基础教学组织中如何实施目标驱动教学法及相应的注意事项和优势。     

家庭血压监测改善白大衣效应高血压患者左旋氨氯地平的降压达标作用

目的观察家庭血压监测改善白大衣高血压患者苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平药物降压达标的作用。方法选择白大衣效应家庭血压监测组76例,白大衣效应诊所血压监测组68例。随访前洗脱期1周,确认白大衣效应,每月随访1次,给予苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平片或联合氢氯噻嗪（HCTZ）治疗;观察随访前、后家庭血压监测和诊所血压监测值的差异比值、达标情况,随访期1年。结果（1）家庭血压监测组洗脱期后与随访期后血压的比较提示比值增大,（P〈0.05）,白大衣反应的差异减少。（2）家庭血压监测组≤3个月早期降压达标与诊所血压监测组比较显著增高（P〈0.01）。（3）家庭血压组≤3个月早期降压达标率为68.42%,诊所血压组为45.77%。结论家庭血压监测在白大衣高血压患者的应用有助改善家庭和诊所血压差异比值,提高早期达标比例。     

Family Composition, Parental Involvement and Young Children's Academic Achievement

This study examined whether first-, second-, and third-grade students' achievement in language and mathematics was affected by factors from both the family context, including family size, number of adult caregivers, and parents' educational level, and the type of school related activities practised by parents. Participants in the study were 333 students (grades 1-3) whose parents had completed and returned a questionnaire designed to measure parents' attitude toward school and the extent of their involvement in school related activities. Academic achievement was related to measures of family composition (family size, number of adult caregivers, and parents' educational level). After controlling for race and gender, parents' educational level was associated with the students' scores on achievement tests. Furthermore, students whose parents engaged in learning activities at home were more likely to obtain higher achievement (language) scores. The study lends support to current practices commonly found in early childhood programs for involving parents in their children's schooling.     

Rostrocaudal functional gradient among the pre‐dorsal premotor cortex,dorsal premotor cortex and primary motor cortex in goal‐directed motor behaviour

The dorsal premotor cortex residing in the dorsolateral aspect of area 6 is a rostrocaudally elongated area that is rostral to the primary motor cortex (M1) and caudal to the prefrontal cortex. This region, which is subdivided into rostral [pre‐dorsal premotor cortex (pre‐PMd)] and caudal [dorsal premotor cortex proper (PMd)] components, probably plays a central role in planning and executing actions to achieve a behavioural goal. In the present study, we investigated the functional specializations of the pre‐PMd, PMd, and M1, because the synthesis of the specific functions performed by each area is considered to be essential. Neurons were recorded while monkeys performed a conditional visuo‐goal task designed to include separate processes for determining a behavioural goal (reaching towards a right or left potential target) on the basis of visual object instructions, specifying actions (direction of reaching) to be performed on the basis of the goal, and preparing and executing the action. Neurons in the pre‐PMd and PMd retrieved and maintained behavioural goals without encoding the visual features of the visual object instructions, and subsequently specified the actions by multiplexing the goals with the locations of the targets. Furthermore, PMd and M1 neurons played a major role in representing the action during movement preparation and execution, whereas the contribution of the pre‐PMd progressively decreased as the time of the actual execution of the movement approached. These findings revealed that the multiple processing stages necessary for the realization of an action to accomplish a goal were implemented in an area‐specific manner across a functional gradient from the pre‐PMd to M1 that included the PMd as an intermediary.     

Goals,feedback, and the differential influence of self-regulatory processes on cognitively complex performance

This research examined the hypothesis that the combination of assigned goals and specific performance feedback would moderate relations between self-regulatory processes and performance on a cognitively complex task. The presence/absence of a challenging goal and specific feedback was manipulated factorially. Self-evaluative reactions, self-efficacy perceptions, and personal goals were assessed after an initial trial block. Assigned goals and specific feedback did not affect mean performance levels but, as predicted, significantly moderated the impact of the self-processes. Specifically, self-efficacy perceptions and personal goals affected performance only within the condition combining a challenging goal with performance feedback. Dissatisfaction with one's prior attainments impaired subsequent goal-directed performance. Greatly overestimating one's efficacy on a preperformance assessment impaired performance in the condition combining goals and specific feedback. Differences between effort-based and cognitively complex tasks are discussed.Daniel Cervone was supported by National Institute of Mental Health Grant MH44956. We thank Linda Schaumann for her assistance in conducting this research, and an anonymous reviewer for exceptionally constructive data analysis recommendations.     

刘完素医学思想研究

刘完素在深入研究发掘运气学说的基础上,创立了火热理论,并重用寒凉药以治火热病证,倡导辛凉解表、表里双解、攻下养阴及养肾水、泻心火等治疗方法,拓展了中医治疗温热病的思路。同时,刘氏还着力阐发《内经》亢害承制理论,发展了五行学说,以内风和相火论中风,提出＂阳火＂命题,倡言＂心为君火,肾为相火＂,初步建立了相火理论的轮廓。为中医的理论建设和临床发展作出了积极的贡献。