糖尿病肾病中医药诊治进展

糖尿病肾病是糖尿病患者的主要微血管病变之一,亦是导致终末期肾脏病的重要原因之一。中医药诊治糖尿病肾病有多种理论学说,从不同角度阐释了糖尿病肾病的病机,其中大部分医家认为气阴两虚,肾络瘀阻为主要病因病机。文章将糖尿病肾病中医药诊治进展进行了总结。     

CLINICAL OBSERVATION ON 36 CASES OF SCAPULOHUMERAL PERIARTHRITIS TREATED BY ABDOMINAL ACUPUNCTURE AND BODY-ACUPUNCTURE

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Characteristics of microorganisms cultured from infected wounds post-hysterectomy

Objective

To characterize organisms causing wound infection following abdominal hysterectomy.

Study design

All patients who underwent an abdominal hysterectomy (December 2002–January 2006) and developed abdominal wall wound infection proven by a positive culture were included in the study. Patient information was collected from the computerized files. The isolated microorganisms were characterized for antibiotics susceptibility.

Results

Sixty-eight (68/620, 10.96%) patients had positive wound cultures. Of 100 isolated microorganisms, 44 were resistant to cefonicid (prophylactic treatment) and 15 were resistant to combined ampicillin, gentamicin and metronidazole (empirical treatment). Major co-morbidities (including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, past malignancies, renal, cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases, hypothyroidism or anemia), were found to be significantly associated with pseudomonal infection (P < .008).

Conclusion

A significant portion of pathogens causing post-hysterectomy abdominal wall wound infection are resistant to the prophylactic treatment, and some are resistant to the empirical treatment. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of various prophylactic regimens with better coverage of Enterococcus fecalis, as well as the effectiveness of empirical treatment active against the resistant Enterobacteriaceae group.     

Foetal and neonatal ovarian cysts: a 5-year experience

Background Abdominal cystic formations in newborns are relatively common and often diagnostic suspicion arises in this regard even before birth as a result of ultrasound scans carried out during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to highlight the problems posed by the prenatal diagnosis of abdominal cysts in order to outline the most appropriate therapeutic approach in case of suspected ovarian cysts. Materials and methods Between January 2003 and January 2007, 57 women were enrolled in this study for a prenatal ultrasound (US) that revealed the presence of an echo-rare or echo-free area in the foetal abdomen. After birth all babies underwent blood tests and abdominal US scans in order to confirm or identify the nature of the cyst. If abdominal US could not show the nature of the cystic formation, magnetic resonance imaging with sedation was performed. When the radiological tests were not useful to identify the nature of the cysts and surgery was then necessary, surgical procedures were performed with laparoscopy. Results Ultrasounds were useful to identify the diameter of the cysts but not all their origins; also MRI confirmed the morphology and volume of the cysts, but could not give further details about their origin. Discussion Abdominal ultrasound and finally laparoscopy used to treat and remove the cysts were useful to monitor all simple abdominal cysts. MRI seemed not to be useful for the treatment of this condition, especially in the pediatric age when mild sedation is required.     

Surgicopathologic outcome of laparoscopic versus open radical hysterectomy

OBJECTIVE: To compare the surgicopathologic outcome of total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy (LRH) with that of abdominal radical hysterectomy (ARH) for the treatment of early-stage cervical cancer. METHODS: Radical hysterectomy specimens of sequential patients undergoing LRH (N=50) were compared with those of historical controls selected from consecutive women who have had conventional ARH (N=48), and who met the same criteria for eligibility as the cases. To evaluate the extent of parametrial resection, parametrial tissues were systematically measured at their widest dimensions before tissue processing. RESULTS: No difference was found in demographics, histologic type, tumor stage and grade between the two groups. The parametrial width was similar between LRH and ARH in both type II (right parametrium: 2.4 cm (1-3) vs. 2.3 (1.8-4.0), p=0.28; left parametrium: 2.3 cm (1.8-4) vs. 2.2 (1.2-3.0), p=0.54) and type III radical hysterectomy (right parametrium: 3.8 cm (2.3-6.5) vs. 3.4 (1.7-7.0), p=0.59; left parametrium: 3.6 cm (2-6) vs. 3.5 (1.5-6.5), p=0.82). There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to lymph nodes yield and likelihood of identifying positive margins or metastatic disease. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that laparoscopically managed patients with cervical cancer undergo a similar extent of surgery as those treated with the traditional ARH, as judged by objective pathologic criteria.     

Non-obstetrical acute abdomen during pregnancy

Acute abdomen in pregnancy remains one of the most challenging diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas today. The incidence of acute abdomen during pregnancy is 1 in 500-635 pregnancies. Despite advancements in medical technology, preoperative diagnosis of acute abdominal conditions is still inaccurate. Laboratory parameters are not specific and often altered as a physiologic consequence of pregnancy. Use of laparoscopic procedures as diagnostic tools makes diagnosis of such conditions earlier, more accurate, and safer. Appendicitis is the most common cause of the acute abdomen during pregnancy, occurring with a usual frequency of 1 in 500-2000 pregnancies, which amounts to 25% of operative indications for non-obstetric surgery during pregnancy. Surgical treatment is indicated in most cases, as in nonpregnant women. Laparoscopic procedures in the treatment of acute abdomen in pregnancy proved safe and accurate, and in selected groups of patients are becoming the procedures of choice with a perspective for the widening of such indications with more frequent use and subsequent optimal results. Despite these advances, laparotomy still remains the procedure of choice in complicated and uncertain cases.     

Small bowel obstruction in pregnancy

Background Intestinal obstruction in pregnancy is rare. Symptoms are often unspecific and a high level of suspicion is essential for early diagnosis. Fetal and maternal mortality rates are higher during pregnancy due to delay in diagnosis. Case A 31-year-old primigravida with a history of abdominal surgery was admitted because of worsening abdominal pain, abdominal distension and elevated pancreatic enzymes. Ultrasound showed dilated small bowel loops. Explorative laparotomy revealed a small bowel obstruction with partial bowel necrosis caused by a single adhesion. A jejuno-jejunostomy was performed. Five days later, she developed peritonitis. A secondary laparotomy and caesarean section were done. Conclusion In spite of timely diagnosis and prompt surgical intervention, our case was still complicated by peritonitis and early delivery. This underlines the necessity of immediate clinical suspicion. Small bowel obstruction should be considered in differential diagnosis of pregnant patients with a history of abdominal surgery.     

经阴道与腹部超声诊断宫角妊娠的临床价值

目的：比较经阴道超声与经腹部超声检查对宫角妊娠的诊断价值。方法将我院妇产科2015年5月至2016年5月期间收治的80例疑为宫角妊娠的患者作为研究对象,所有患者均先行经腹部超声检查,再行经阴道超声检查,以病理诊断结果为金标准,比较两种检查方式对宫角妊娠的诊断准确率,总结宫角妊娠的超声特征。结果经腹部超声诊断对宫角妊娠的诊断敏感性为61.33%、特异性为20.00%、阳性预测值为92.00%、阴性预测值为3.33%、准确率为58.75%;经阴道超声对宫角妊娠的诊断敏感性为82.67%、特异性为80.00%、阳性预测值为98.41%、阴性预测值为23.53%、准确率为82.50%。经阴道超声检查对宫角妊娠的诊断准确性、敏感性、特异性、阴性预测值均明显高于经腹部超声检查,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。经腹部超声与经阴道超声联合诊断宫角妊娠的准确性、敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为90.00%、90.67%、80.00%、98.55%、36.36%。结论与腹部超声检查比较,经阴道超声检查对宫角妊娠的诊断准确率更高,并且二者联用能够有效提高宫角妊娠的诊断敏感性与准确性,能够为临床早期诊断、处理宫角妊娠提供有效依据。     

腹部超声结合CT在胃癌术前分期判断中的应用价值

目的探析腹部超声结合CT在胃癌术前分期中的应用价值。方法选择我院2012年1月-2015年10月收治88例胃癌患者作为研究对象,均于术前行腹部超声及多层螺旋CT检查,以病理结果为基准比较US、MSCT及US+MSCT的术前分期准确率。结果 US的T分期准确率为78.4%(69/88),MSCT为81.8%(72/88),US+MSCT为92.0%(81/88),US+MSCT高于US单独与MSCT单独,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);US的N分期准确率为68.2%(60/88),MSCT为80.7%(71/88),US+MSCT为94.3%(83/88),US+MSCT高于US单独与MSCT单独,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);US的M分期准确率为64.8%(57/88),MSCT为81.8%(72/88),US+MSCT为93.2%(82/88),US+MSCT高于US单独与MSCT单独,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论腹部超声结合CT在胃癌患者临床诊断中的应用具有明显积极作用,大幅提高术前分期诊断准确性,可为手术方案的制定提供指导,具有较大价值。     

儿童腹型肥胖与心血管代谢危险因素关系的研究

目的：探讨儿童腹型肥胖与心血管代谢危险因素的关系。方法：根据腰围（WC）和体重指数（BMI）将286例患儿分为腹型肥胖组及均匀性肥胖组,分别测定其收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、胆固醇（TC）、空腹胰岛素值（FIN）,计算其胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA—IR）值。比较两组间各项指标差异,计算腹型肥胖组腰围与各危险因素的相关程度。结果：两组间SBP、DBP、HDL、TC、FIN、HOMA—IR差异均存在统计学意义,腹型肥胖组SBP、DBP、TC、FIN、HOMA—IR的值均高于均匀性肥胖组,HDL的值低于均匀性肥胖组;腹型肥胖组中,腰围值与SBP、DBP、TC、FIN、HOMA—IR的值呈正相关关系,而与HDL的值呈负相关关系。结论：儿童期腹型肥胖与心血管危险因素密切相关,且胰岛功能较其他危险因素更值得关注。