The association between sport-related concussion and musculoskeletal injury in university rugby athletes

ObjectivesThe study aimed to analyse the association between Sports-Related Concussion (SRC) and Subsequent Musculoskeletal Injury (MSK) in United Kingdom university-aged rugby union players whilst considering the effects of sex, athlete playing position and injury location.DesignRetrospective cohort study. A period of 365 days with 0–90, 91–180 and 181–365 days sub-periods was analysed for the following variables; MSK injury incidence, occurrence, severity, injury location, playing position and sex.SettingInjury data was collected from the Sports Development Centre database at Loughborough University.ParticipantsA total of 408 injuries in 181 athletes (55 females and 126 males) were included.ResultsThe MSK injury incidence of SRC group was significantly higher than control and higher post-SRC than pre-SRC period over a 365-day period (p=0.012 and p=0.034, respectively). The odds ratios of MSK injury incidence between groups and between periods were 1.62 (95% CI, 1.10–2.25) and 1.57 (95% CI ,1.08–2.29). A SRC was not associated with a greater time loss from a subsequent MSK injury or a specific MSK injury location.ConclusionsAthletes with a second recorded injury were more likely to sustain a MSK injury if they had experienced SRC, however, there was no indication a SRC resulted in greater time loss from a MSK injury.     

膝关节骨关节炎发病过程中HSP70对软骨细胞凋亡的影响

目的:观察热休克蛋白70(HSP70)和半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白酶-3蛋白(caspase-3)在膝关节骨关节炎(knee osteoarthritis,KOA)发病过程中的表达,探讨其相关性。方法:40只3月龄SD大鼠分为两组,实验组30只,对照组10只。实验组采用Hulth法复制膝骨性关节炎模型,作前交叉韧带切断加内侧1/3半月板切除术,对照组不作特殊处理。造模后,不采取任何措施,自由饲养。分别在术后1、2、4周取材股骨端和胫骨端关节,对标本组织进行肉眼、免疫组化及光镜观察,采用Mankin改良的关节软骨病理评分标准进行组织学评分。结果:肉眼及光镜观察,实验组均可见KOA的改变,如滑膜增生、表层软骨糜烂等;同时,免疫组化中,术后1、2、4周HSP70的表达逐渐增加,caspase-3的表达先增加后降低,而对照组并无类似改变。Mankin评分显示1周分别和2、4周比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:膝关节骨关节炎发病过程中,热休克蛋白抑制软骨细胞凋亡,并对软骨细胞具有保护作用,这将为临床上诸保守治疗提供一定程度的客观科学依据。     

热休克蛋白27、70与恶性肿瘤

热休克蛋白(heat shock protein,HSP)广泛存在于生物体内,是一类在进化上高度保守的细胞应激蛋白.其中HSP27和HSP70在抗凋亡过程中发挥重要的作用,在多种肿瘤细胞中异常高表达,尤其是腺癌起源的肿瘤.HSP27和HSP70在恶性肿瘤的发生、发展中的作用及其机制是近年来研究的热点,有望对肿瘤的治疗提供新的平台.     

Oxidative damage and defective DNA repair is linked to apoptosis of migrating neurons and progenitors during cerebral cortex development in Ku70-deficient mice

DNA repair plays a critical, but imprecisely defined role in neuronal survival during cortical neurogenesis. We examined cortical development in mice deficient for the DNA end-joining protein, Ku70. At gestational day 14.5, corresponding to the peak of neurogenesis, the Ku70(-/-) embryonic cerebral cortex displayed 25- to 30-fold more cell death than heterozygous littermates, as judged by DNA breaks, pyknosis and active caspase-3. In Ku70(-/-) embryos only, large clusters of dying neurons were found in the intermediate zone. Cell death declined until P4, when the number of dying cells became comparable to that in heterozygous mice. Two groups of dying cells were evident: a GLAST(+) neural progenitor population in the subventricular and ventricular zones, and a doublecortin(+) immature neuron population in the intermediate zone, the latter exhibiting strong staining for oxidative DNA damage. Antioxidants and lower oxygen tension reduced the high levels of neuronal death in primary cortical cultures derived from Ku70(-/-) mice, but not the low levels of cell death in wildtype cortical cultures. Results indicate migrating cortical neurons undergo oxidative DNA damage, which is normally repaired by non-homologous end joining. Failure to repair oxidative damage triggers a form of apoptosis involving caspase-3 activation.     

大鼠精子发生过程中热休克蛋白70-2特异表达的研究

目的运用蛋白质组学方法,寻找大鼠精子发生相关蛋白质,找到目标蛋白质后,进一步用免疫组织化学方法做定位研究。方法用重力沉降法(STAPUT法)从9 d龄雄性大鼠睾丸中分离出A型精原细胞,从成年的雄性大鼠睾丸中分离出粗线期精母细胞、圆形精子细胞。分别提取这3种细胞的总蛋白质,进行双向电泳。对所得双向电泳凝胶扫描,分析并找出差异蛋白质。对挑选出的差异蛋白质做质谱分析,发现在这3种不同细胞的表达上有明显差异的蛋白。进一步做睾丸免疫组织化学组织定位、定量研究。结果双向电泳结果显示,HSP70-2在粗线期精母细胞、圆形精子细胞中表达量较高, 在A型精原细胞则表达量极少。HSP70—2在粗线期精母细胞中表达量最大。用HSP70—2抗体对大鼠睾丸组织切片行免疫组织化学研究,发现粗线期精母细胞、Sertoli细胞、Leydig细胞有阳性颗粒反应。HSP70—2主要表达于细胞质。结论 HSP70—2在精子发生过程中有明显的差异表达,推测其对精子发生起重要调节作用。     

Molecular oncogene markers and their significance in cutaneous malignant melanoma

Background: Oncogenes and other molecular tumor markers that predict tumor aggressiveness may allow individualization and optimization of surgical therapy of intermediate-thickness malignant melanoma. We examined the expression of selected markers, including the HLA-DR antigen, the heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70), and the c-myc oncogene in primary melanoma and regional nodes and related these findings to metastatic potential and survival. Methods: Forty patients with primary melanoma (1.5–4.0 mm) were studied, all of whom had prophylactic lymph node dissection and were followed for 18 months to 7 years. The primary tissue and nodes were examined using immunohistochemical techniques for the presence of HLA-DR antigen and HSP-70 protein and the expression of the c-myc oncogene. Results: Of 40 patients, there were 23 with lesions 1 to 2.9 mm thick and 17 with lesions 3 to 4 mm thick. Nodal metastases were present in 25 of the 40 patients who had elective node dissection. HLA-DR antibody stained the primary tumor in 10 patients (25%), but there was no correlation with survival in this group. HLA-DR antibody stained the stroma and cellular infiltrates surrounding the primary tumor in 28 of 40 patients; in this group there was a correlation of HLA-DR staining of the peritumoral stroma with improved survival overall. HLA-DR staining of the peritumoral stroma also influenced survival when patients were stratified by tumor thickness groups 1 to 2.9 mm and 3 to 4 mm and presence of nodal metastases. HSP-70 was demonstrated in the primary tumor in 25% of patients, who were also shown to have significantly improved survival when compared with those whose primary tumor did not stain with HSP-70. C-myc was expressed in the primary tumor in 25%, but showed no correlation with survival. None of these proteins correlated with or predicted the presence of nodal metastases. Conclusion: We conclude that the use of specific molecular-oncogene markers in intermediate-thickness primary melanoma may identify patients at high risk for conventional treatment failure and reduced survival who may profit from more aggressive surgery, adjuvant therapy, or both.Presented at the 48th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, March 23–26, 1995.     

热休克蛋白70在人食管癌EC9706细胞凋亡过程中的表达与定位变化

目的 探讨姜黄素对人食管癌EC9706细胞凋亡的诱导作用,热休克蛋白70(HSP70)在肿瘤细胞凋亡过程中在核基质上的变化及其与凋亡调控相关蛋白的关系.方法 用细胞计数和流式细胞仪检测姜黄素对人食管癌EC9706细胞的增殖抑制作用,以光学显微镜和透射电镜观察姜黄素诱导人食管癌EC9706细胞凋亡前后的细胞结构变化,琼脂糖凝胶电泳观察人食管癌EC9706细胞凋亡前后的DNA结构变化.双向凝胶电泳和质谱鉴定分析HSP70在核基质中的存在与变化;并以Western blotting进行确证;激光扫描共焦显微镜观察HSP70在EC9706细胞凋亡过程中的定位及其与Bax、Bcl-2等基因产物的共定位关系.结果 姜黄素能显著抑制人食管癌EC9706细胞增殖并诱导人食管癌EC9706细胞凋亡,双向凝胶电泳、质谱鉴定和结果 发现并证实,HSP70在姜黄素处理前后的EC9706细胞核基质蛋白中的存在及其表达下调变化.激光扫描共焦显微镜观察结果 显示,HSP70在EC9706细胞凋亡过程中与Bax、Bcl-2等基因产物具有共定位关系,且其共定位区域发生了变化.结论 姜黄素对人食管癌EC9706细胞具有显著的凋亡诱导作用;HSP70作为一种新发现的核基质蛋白,在姜黄素诱导人食管癌EC9706凋亡过程中的表达与分布发生了显著变化.HSP70与凋亡相关基因的关系对EC9706细胞凋亡具有重要影响.     

Acute urinary retention and subsequent catheterization cause lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage in the bladder: preventive effect of edaravone,a free‐radical scavenger

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of a free‐radical scavenger, edaravone, on the changes occurring with acute urinary retention (AUR) and subsequent catheterization in the rat bladder.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eight‐week‐old male Sprague Dawley rats were allocated to one of four groups; an AUR group that had urinary retention induced, with subsequent catheterization; two edaravone groups, given edaravone at 1 or 10 mg/kg body weight for 60 min and then the same urinary retention and subsequent catheterization; and a sham‐operated control group given edaravone 10 mg/kg. Urinary retention was induced by the clamping the rat penile urethra with a small clip, making a cystostomy, and then infusing 3 mL (0.6 mL/min) of saline with an infusion pump. The obstruction was sustained for 30 min and then the bladder was allowed to drain with a catheter in place for 60 min as the studies continued. After killing the rats the function of the bladder was assessed, with carbachol and 100 mm KCl, and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA, a marker of lipid peroxidation), 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG; a marker of oxidative DNA damage), heat‐shock protein 70 (HSP 70) and its mRNA were measured.

RESULTS

AUR increased the intravesical pressure and decreased blood flow, and subsequent catheterization decreased the intravesical pressure and increased blood flow. Edaravone induced a decrease in blood flow in the bladder during the urinary retention and subsequent catheterization compared to the blood flow in the AUR group. Edaravone resulted in protection of the contractile responses to both carbachol and KCl in a dose‐dependent manner. The MDA concentration, 8‐OHdG content and expressions of HSP‐70 and its mRNA in the AUR group were significantly larger than those of the control group. Edaravone markedly suppressed the accumulations of MDA and 8‐OHdG in the bladder, and reduced the expressions of HSP 70 and its mRNA.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate that edaravone reduces the oxidative stress and prevents the bladder dysfunction caused by AUR and subsequent catheterization.     

急性热应激对性成熟雄性小鼠睾丸、附睾、输精管中热休克蛋白70表达的影响

目的:探讨急性热应激对性成熟雄性小鼠睾丸、附睾、输精管中热休克蛋白70(heat shock protein 70,HSP70)表达的影响。方法:将32只8周龄雄性小白鼠随机均分为4组,饲养7d后,进行热应激处理,温度控制在(39±0.5)℃,时间分别为0.5、1和3h。应激后立即采血,分离血清测定谷草转氨酶(GOT)含量。一侧附睾制备精子悬液,用于计算精子密度和顶体畸形率;另一侧附睾、睾丸、输精管用于免疫组化研究。结果:应激后,小鼠体重、睾丸系数、顶体畸形率变化不显著(P>0.05),附睾系数和精子密度有不同程度的下降,GOT含量急剧升高(P<0.01)。随着应激时间的延长,小鼠精子密度呈递减趋势,顶体畸形率呈上升趋势。应激时间最短的0.5h组小鼠体重、睾丸系数、附睾系数的降幅反而最大。免疫组化法观察发现,HSP70在性成熟小鼠睾丸、附睾、输精管中均有表达。正常状态下,HSP70在睾丸组织间质细胞中少量表达,应激后分布于间质细胞核,此外在精母细胞核与精子细胞核中也有大量分布;附睾中HSP70主要分布于主细胞质,基细胞和亮细胞中没有表达,应激后附睾体的纤毛细胞中也发现大量棕色颗粒;输精管中HSP70主要定位在基细胞质,主细胞中不表达。随着应激时间的延长,HSP70在睾丸、附睾中的表达量明显升高,而在输精管中的增幅不明显。结论:急性热应激对性成熟雄性小鼠的生殖系统造成了损伤;HSP70在睾丸、附睾、输精管中的表达与定位具有区域特异性和细胞特异性,提示其可能参与精子的发生与成熟;HSP70在应激状态下表达量大幅上升的作用可能在于保护细胞免受高热损伤。