全文获取类型
收费全文 | 58785篇 |
免费 | 5257篇 |
国内免费 | 1962篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 655篇 |
儿科学 | 1052篇 |
妇产科学 | 637篇 |
基础医学 | 11529篇 |
口腔科学 | 982篇 |
临床医学 | 3740篇 |
内科学 | 9188篇 |
皮肤病学 | 1308篇 |
神经病学 | 4285篇 |
特种医学 | 985篇 |
外国民族医学 | 16篇 |
外科学 | 4570篇 |
综合类 | 6793篇 |
现状与发展 | 9篇 |
一般理论 | 1篇 |
预防医学 | 2468篇 |
眼科学 | 715篇 |
药学 | 9748篇 |
3篇 | |
中国医学 | 2361篇 |
肿瘤学 | 4959篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 135篇 |
2023年 | 1079篇 |
2022年 | 2340篇 |
2021年 | 2492篇 |
2020年 | 1981篇 |
2019年 | 2358篇 |
2018年 | 2456篇 |
2017年 | 2351篇 |
2016年 | 2043篇 |
2015年 | 2391篇 |
2014年 | 3428篇 |
2013年 | 4037篇 |
2012年 | 3476篇 |
2011年 | 4135篇 |
2010年 | 3228篇 |
2009年 | 3199篇 |
2008年 | 2957篇 |
2007年 | 2679篇 |
2006年 | 2372篇 |
2005年 | 1958篇 |
2004年 | 1853篇 |
2003年 | 1528篇 |
2002年 | 1180篇 |
2001年 | 903篇 |
2000年 | 876篇 |
1999年 | 732篇 |
1998年 | 701篇 |
1997年 | 687篇 |
1996年 | 562篇 |
1995年 | 589篇 |
1994年 | 498篇 |
1993年 | 422篇 |
1992年 | 357篇 |
1991年 | 339篇 |
1990年 | 299篇 |
1989年 | 254篇 |
1988年 | 192篇 |
1987年 | 192篇 |
1986年 | 198篇 |
1985年 | 357篇 |
1984年 | 416篇 |
1983年 | 256篇 |
1982年 | 290篇 |
1981年 | 231篇 |
1980年 | 210篇 |
1979年 | 170篇 |
1978年 | 121篇 |
1977年 | 119篇 |
1976年 | 135篇 |
1975年 | 96篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
101.
102.
目的 探讨 IL - 4和 IL - 10在诱导异种骨移植免疫耐受中的作用。方法 反应细胞为 BAL B/c小鼠脾淋巴细胞 ,刺激细胞为新西兰白兔血淋巴细胞 ,刺激抗原为兔骨上清液。采用经典的混合淋巴细胞培养法及骨上清液与淋巴细胞混合培养法作为异种骨移植的体外实验模型。在各培养液中分别加入 IL - 4、IL - 10及两者联合应用 ,通过测定其 3H- Td R掺入率 ,观察不同细胞因子对刺激淋巴细胞增殖的影响。结果 无论在细胞刺激组还是骨上清液刺激组 ,IL- 4对淋巴细胞增殖均有显著抑制作用 (P<0 .0 0 1和 P<0 .0 5 ) ,IL- 10未表现出抑制作用 (P>0 .0 5 )。在两组 IL- 4和 IL - 10联合应用均产生比 IL - 4单独应用更为明显的细胞增殖抑制作用 (P<0 .0 0 1和 P<0 .0 5 )。结论 IL - 4对由细胞或骨上清液刺激产生的淋巴细胞增殖均有很好的抑制作用 ,IL- 10没有表现出抑制作用 ;IL- 4与 IL- 10联合应用有协同抑制作用。 相似文献
103.
A. B. Soares P. R. Faria L. A. Magna M. E. P. Correa C. A. de Sousa O. P. Almeida M. L. Cintra 《Journal of oral pathology & medicine》2005,34(6):368-373
BACKGROUND: Graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD) is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation (BMT). The aim of our study was to identify the most relevant histological features for diagnosis of chronic Graft-vs.-Host Disease (cGVHD) in oral mucosa and minor salivary glands of 25 patients, as well as to evaluate the immunophenotype of the inflammatory cells. METHODS: Sixteen patients that were submitted to allogeneic BMT but did not present cGVHD were selected as a control group. The sections were studied on H & E and CD68, CD45, CD4, CD8, CD20 staining. RESULTS: The most frequent histologic findings in oral mucosa at the day of diagnosis of cGVHD were: hydropic degeneration of the basal layer of the epithelium, apoptotic bodies, lymphocytic infiltration, and focal or total cleavage between the epithelial and connective tissue. In the labial salivary glands (LSG), lymphocytic infiltration, acinar loss and fibrosis were the main alterations. Cytotoxic CD8-T cells and macrophages were predominant both in the epithelium and connective tissue, as well as in minor salivary glands. CONCLUSIONS: Histological features were useful in the diagnosis of oral cGVHD. It is suggested that CD8-T cells and macrophages play important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. 相似文献
104.
The 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) flow, the creatinine flow in 24 h urine and the plasma creatinine level were determined in 42 psychiatric control patients. The creatinine clearance was calculated. The relationship between MHPG flow in 24 h urine and creatinine clearance, creatinine flow, 24 h urinary output, age, sex and weight of the patient were studied by means of single and multiple regression methods. The MHPG flow was significantly correlated with creatinine clearance (r= 0.597), creatinine flow (r = 0.646) and sex of the patient (rpb = 0.434). The variance of the MHPG flow can be explained by the regression with creatinine flow, age and urinary output for at maximum 51.5%. These variables have to be taken into account for the interpretation of data concerning the MHPG flow in subsequent experimental designs. The results of the measurements of the MHPG flow can best be expressed as the residual values obtained after partialling out the predictable component calculated by multiple regression with creatinine flow, age and 24 h urine output. 相似文献
105.
The mechanism of action of systemitically administered(±)-MDMA (3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) on spontaneously active neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFc) of chloral hydrate anesthetized rats was examined using standard single unit extracellular recording techniques. Intravenously administered MDMA dose-dependently decreased the firing rates of the majority of mPFc neurons in control rats. In contrast, in rats that were pretreated withp-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), which depletes the brain serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) content by inhibiting tryptophan hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of 5-HT, MDMA was largely ineffective in inhibiting the firing of mPFc cells. In PCPA-treated animals, the administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), which presumably restored the brain 5-HT content, but notl-DOPA, reinstated MDMA's inhibitory action in PCPA-treated rats. In rats that were pretreated withα-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT), which depletes the brain dopamine (DA) content by inhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of DA, MDMA inhibited the firing of all of the mPFc cells. MDMA's effect on mPFc neurons was reversed by 5-HT receptor antagonists such as granisetron and metergoline. These results strongly suggest that MDMA exerts its action on mPFc cells indirectly by releasing endogenous 5-HT. 相似文献
106.
性别差异对脓毒症大鼠肝脏Toll样受体4和髓样分化蛋白-2基因表达的影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
目的探讨性别差异对脓毒症大鼠肝脏组织Toll样受体4(TLR4)和髓样分化蛋白- 2(MD-2)基因表达的影响。方法以脂多糖(LPS)按5 mg/kg体重由大鼠腹腔注射制作脓毒症动物模型,注射后2 h留取肝脏组织检测TLR4、MD-2和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)基因表达,同时测定各组大鼠血浆中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)及雌二醇含量。结果正常雌雄性大鼠肝脏组织均可表达少量TLR4、MD-2、TNF-α基因,其中雌性组分别为0.175±0.034、0.211±0.044、0.201±0.068; 雄性组分别为0.205±0.061、0.243±0.049、0.243±0.063,两组数据差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05),但LPS刺激后雌性大鼠肝脏组织上述指标分别为0.615±0.089、0.708±0.181、0.730± 0.118,血浆中ALT含量为(81.07±10.72)U/L;雄性组分别为0.723±0.091、1.123±0.272、 0.881±0.156,ALT含量为(106.39±14.21)U/L,雌性组各项指标均明显低于雄性大鼠(P< 0.05)。相关分析表明雌性及雄性脓毒症大鼠肝脏组织TLR4及TNF-α基因表达与相应性别大鼠血浆中雌二醇含量呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。结论 LPS刺激后大鼠肝脏组织TLR4、MD-2及 TNF-α基因表达存在性别差异,内源性雌激素的作用可能导致雌性脓毒症大鼠肝脏组织损伤较雄性轻。 相似文献
107.
Hui-Ju Wen Ying-Chu Lin Yung-Ling Lee Yueliang Leon Guo 《Pediatric allergy and immunology》2006,17(7):489-494
High cord blood immunoglobulin E (cbIgE) is known to be associated with increased risks of atopic diseases in childhood. The relationship between genetic polymorphisms and high cbIgE has not been well documented. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the association between cbIgE and genetic polymorphisms of interleukin (IL)-4 -590C/T, the beta-subunit of the high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI-beta) E237G, lymphotoxin (LT)-alphaNcoI alleles, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha -308G/A. A total of 320 mother-neonate pairs were recruited from four maternity hospitals from different locations of Taiwan. Cord blood was obtained and assayed for cbIgE. Polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to assess the genotypes. Three hundred pairs of mothers and neonates were included in the final analysis. Infants with IL-4 -590 C allele were found to have higher risk of elevated cbIgE (> or =0.35 IU/ml, 24.3%) (p = 0.004). After adjusting for gender, birth order, maternal age, and history of allergic disease in maternal and paternal families, odds ratios for CC and CT genotypes were 4.41 and 3.16 (95% confidence interval 0.78-22.67, and 1.66-6.13), respectively, using TT genotype as reference. The genotypes of FcepsilonRI-beta, LT-alpha, and TNF-alpha were not associated with cbIgE before or after the adjustment. Our finding suggested a significant association of cbIgE with genetic polymorphism of IL-4 -590C/T, but not with the genotypes of FcepsilonRI-beta, LT-alpha, and TNF-alpha. 相似文献
108.
Xingguang Luo Henry R Kranzler Lingjun Zuo Shuang Wang Joel Gelernter 《Neuropsychopharmacology》2007,61(5):599-608
BACKGROUND: Personality traits are associated with substance dependence (SD); genetic factors may influence both. Strong associations between ADH4 variation and SD have been reported. We aimed to investigate the relationship between ADH4 variation and personality traits in the present study. METHODS: We assessed dimensions of the five-factor model of personality in 243 subjects with SD (175 European Americans [EAs] and 68 African Americans [AAs]) and 296 healthy control subjects (256 EAs and 40 AAs). We also genotyped 7 ADH4 markers (spanning the locus) and 38 unlinked ancestry-informative markers in these subjects. The relationships between the diplotypes, alleles, and genotypes at ADH4 and personality traits were examined using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS: Generally, SD patients, older individuals, and male subjects scored higher on neuroticism and lower on other personality factors. Personality factors were associated with the diplotypes. The allele A or genotype A/A of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)6 (rs1800759 at the gene promoter) was significantly associated with agreeableness scores. There were associations between extraversion and SNP1 (hcv2033010 at the 3' end) and SNP2 (rs1042364 in exon 9) in subjects with higher conscientiousness scores. CONCLUSIONS: The personality traits of agreeableness and extraversion are related to ADH4 polymorphism. Among the ADH4 markers that appear to predispose to certain personality traits, the functional variant rs1800759 (SNP6) in the promoter region is most important. We conclude that personality traits and SD have a partially overlapping genetic basis. 相似文献
109.
P. Boissonnat M. de Lorgeril V. Perroux P. Salen A. M. Batt J. C. Barthelemy R. Brouard E. Serres J. Delaye 《European journal of clinical pharmacology》1997,53(1):39-45
Objectives: Previous uncontrolled studies have suggested an interaction between ticlopidine, a major antiplatelet agent, and cyclosporin
in heart- and kidney-transplant recipients. The aims of this study were to examine in a randomised, double-blind fashion,
the possible interaction between cyclosporin A and ticlopidine (250 mg per day) and the tolerability of this combination in
heart-transplant recipients.
Methods: Twenty heart-transplant recipients were randomised into either a treated or a placebo group. Blood samples were drawn for
time-course evaluation of cyclosporin blood levels over a period of 12 h, following the morning intake of cyclosporin and,
for platelet aggregation studies, before and after 14 days of ticlopidine administration. Twenty four-hour urine samples were
collected for 6-β-hydroxycortisol measurements, before and after 14 days of ticlopidine.
Results: Although given at half the recommended daily dosage, ticlopidine significantly reduced platelet aggregation. Pharmacokinetic
parameters indicate that the bioavailability of cyclosporin A was not significantly modified by ticlopidine. However, one
patient in the ticlopidine group was withdrawn because of a major fall in cyclosporin blood level within 3 days of treatment.
Urinary excretion of 6-β-hydroxycortisol was augmented after treatment in the ticlopidine group compared with the placebo
group, suggesting that induction of drug metabolism might have occurred. Data also show quite a large intra-individual variability
in cyclosporin bioavailability in the placebo group, suggesting that poor absorption of the drug formulation and/or poor compliance
might have contributed to the decreased cyclosporin blood levels in the patient withdrawn from this study and in previous
uncontrolled studies.
Conclusion: Cyclosporin bioavailability was not clearly modified by a half dosage of ticlopidine in this study. We, however, recommend
closely monitoring cyclosporin blood levels when prescribing ticlopidine. Further studies will be needed with new formulations
of cyclosporin or when using the full dosage of ticlopidine.
Received: 20 July 1996 / Accepted in revised form: 12 February 1997 相似文献
110.
4-甲氧基-2-巯基-N-氧化吡啶钠的抗肿瘤及免疫抑制作用 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
4-个甲氧基-2-巯基-N-氧化吡啶钠(4-甲氧基巯氧吡啶钠,SodiumMethoxypyridinethione,SMPT)在试管内0.01mg·L-1可抑制多种传代人癌细胞林,抑制细胞有丝分裂和损害细胞膜相结构,单用对动物移植性肿瘤无效,但明显增强氟脲嘧啶对小鼠S180的抑癌作用。使胸腺和脾脏重量明显减轻,抑制SRBC诱导的小鼠血清溶血素反应,抑制DNCB诱导的豚鼠皮肤迟发型超敏反应,抑制PHA诱导的大鼠3H-TdR参入的淋巴细胞转化。与2-巯基-N-氧化吡啶钠(巯氧吡啶钠,SodiumPyridinethione.SPT)比较,小鼠LD50(ip)增大,而试管内抑瘤的IC50相近。 相似文献