某医学院大学生艾滋病相关知识现状调查

目的：：了解某医学院大学生艾滋病知识、态度、行为状况。方法：采用随机整群抽样的方法,在该院一至四年级每个年级中随机抽取若干个班,被抽取班级的全部学生作为调查对象,运用 SPSS13.0统计软件进行统计处理。结果：该校学生艾滋病知识平均分P50为11分,非医学生和低年级医学生知晓程度较低。该校大学生对艾滋病三大主要传播途径基本知晓,但仍存在盲区,如有多数同学不知道滥用剃须刀有传播艾滋病的可能。参加过“青年同伴活动”的学生较未参加过的学生对艾滋病人有更正确的认知态度。结论：该人群对AIDS的相关知识还有待进一步提高;加强对该人群的健康教育,通过多种方式提高AIDS的认知水平,对有效预防和控制AIDS的传播有重要意义。     

认知行为干预对精神分裂症一级亲属中分裂质个体认知功能的影响

目的 观察认知行为干预（CBT）对精神分裂症一级亲属中分裂质个体认知功能的影响。方法 对住院及门诊治疗的精神分裂症患者的一级亲属进行筛查,选取符合纳入标准的分裂质个体123例,根据入院顺序分为研究组54例和对照组69例。研究组实施为期12周的CBT,对照组仅作长期随访,并分别在干预前和干预后第4、8、12周、6个月及1年时进行重复性成套神经心理状态测验（RBANS）随访评估。结果CBT前,研究组与对照组的RBANS总分及各因子分均无统计学差异（均P＞0.05）。研究组CBT后RBANS总评分及即刻记忆、视觉广度、言语功能、注意力、延时记忆等各因子评分均呈逐渐升高趋势,在干预后12周、6个月及1年时与干预前比较差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）,在干预后12周、6个月和1年均较对照组显著升高（均P＜0.05）;而对照组认知功能各因子存在不同程度的进行性损害,在1年随访时最明显,与干预前比较差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。结论认知行为干预能有效改善分裂质个体言语功能,提高其注意力及视觉广度,增强即刻记忆、延时记忆水平,改善精神分裂症一级亲属中分裂质个体的认知功能。     

Association of Help-seeking Behavior with Depression and Anxiety Disorders among Gastroenterological Patients in Saudi Arabia

Background/Aims:

There is a high prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders among gastroenterological outpatients. Relatively few studies have been done on the help-seeking behavior among those who suffer from gastrointestinal symptoms with or without psychiatric disorders. We aimed to characterize the help-seeking behavior of gastroenterological outpatients and to evaluate if this behavior is linked to the presence of depression and anxiety.

Patients and Methods:

A cross-sectional study was carried out in gastroenterology clinics in four hospitals in Riyadh between February and September 2013. A self-administrated questionnaire was developed and administered to patients. Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) questionnaires were used to diagnose depression and anxiety, respectively.

Results:

A total of 440 patients completed the study questionnaire. The average age was 36.0 ± 12.8 years and 69% of the patients were males. Complaints included abdominal pain (58%), heartburn (29%), diarrhea or constipation (25%), appetite or weight changes (22%), and nausea or vomiting (16%). Depression was diagnosed in 36%, while anxiety was diagnosed in 28% of the patients. The first intervention was use of medications (68%) and undergoing endoscopy (16%), while few patients initially used herbs or Islamic incantation (7.5%). This first intervention was done primarily (59%) in private sector hospitals rather than government sector hospitals (36%). The rates of depression and anxiety in our patients were higher among those who suffered from multiple complaints for longer durations and with less satisfaction with the offered services.

Conclusion:

Depression and anxiety are common comorbidities in gastroenterological outpatient population, especially those who have a chronic course of multiple gastrointestinal complaints.     

多系统萎缩非运动症候的临床研究

目的总结多系统萎缩(multiple system atrophy,MSA)以非运动症候和运动症候为首发症状的构成比和MSA非运动症候的具体症候构成比。方法选择MSA患者31例,其中MSA-P型18例,MSA-C型13例。进行详细病史记录和神经系统体检,记录运动症候及非运动症候具体表现及出现时间。结果 23例MSA以非运动症候首发。非运动症候的首发症状以快速眼动睡眠异常、排尿障碍、性功能障碍及直立性低血压常见。31例MSA患者均有非运动症候表现。以直肠功能障碍(93.5%)、排尿障碍(90.3%)、直立性低血压(64.5%)、睡眠呼吸暂停(61.3%)、快速眼动睡眠异常(48.4%)最为常见。MSA-P型与MSA-C型在年龄、性别、首发病程、就诊病程及非运动症候构成比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 MSA患者普遍存在自主神经功能障碍等非运动症候表现,且以首发症状多见。MSA-C型患者中以非运动症候起病较MSA-P型患者更为多见。     

Interface Behavior and Interface Tensile Strength of a Hardened Concrete Mixture with a Coarse Aggregate for Additive Manufacturing

3D concrete printing technology (3DCP) is a relatively new technology that was first established in the 1990s. The main weakness of the technology is the interface strength between the extruded layers, which are deposited at different time intervals. Consequently, the interface strength is assumed to vary in relation to the time of concrete casting. The proposed experimental study investigated the behavior of a hardened concrete mixture containing coarse aggregates that were up to 8 mm in size, which is rather unusual for 3DCP technology. The resulting direct tensile strength at the layer interface was investigated for various time intervals of deposition from the initial mixing of concrete components. To better understand the material behavior at the layer interface area, computed tomography (CT) scanning was conducted, where the volumetric and area analysis enabled validation of the pore size and count distribution in accordance with the layer deposition process. The analyzed CT data related the macroscopic anisotropy and the resulting crack pattern to the temporal and spatial variability that is inherent to the additive manufacturing process at construction scales while providing additional insights into the porosity formation during the extrusion of the cementitious composite. The observed results contribute to previous investigations in this field by demonstrating the causal relationships, namely, how the interface strength development is determined by time, deposition process, and pore size distribution. Moreover, in regard to the printability of the proposed coarse aggregate mixture, the specific time interval is presented and its interplay with interface roughness and porosity is discussed.     

Studies on the Oxidation Behavior and Microstructural Evolution of Two Nb-Modified HR3C Austenitic Steels under Pure Water Vapor at 650 °C

The steam oxidation behavior of three heterogeneous HR3C alloys was investigated at 650 °C comparatively. After a long-term oxidation process for 1000 h, the results demonstrated that the commercial HR3C alloy already exhibited a high oxidation resistance. However, the spallation resistance of the oxide scale was low during the initial oxidation period. The addition of a moderate amount of Nb into the alloy (1#HR3C) increased the oxidation resistance of the alloy. In addition, the improvement of the microstructural stability was substantially influenced by solid solution strengthening and fine grain strengthening. However, the addition of excessive Nb could significantly affect the growth model of the oxide scale and negatively affect the oxidation performance and microstructural evolution of the alloy (2#HR3C).