大鼠饮盐行为的个体发生的研究

研究不同性别的发育期大鼠饮盐行为的发生年龄及其与大鼠血浆醛固酮（ＡＬＤＯ）水平之间的关系,为研究高血压病提供基础资料。方法：用自控泵经口腔导管给大鼠灌注３％盐水,记录大鼠的饮盐水量。结果：禁盐能引起１３ｄ龄及１３ｄ龄以上大鼠的饮盐行为。而不能引出１３ｄ龄以下幼鼠的饮盐行为。幼鼠的饮盐行为无显著的性别差异。这与禁盐引起各年龄组大鼠的血浆ＡＬＤＯ水平都显著升高的现象不一致。结论：大鼠饮盐行为的发生与大鼠的年龄有关,与大鼠脑的发育,特别是与大鼠的饮盐中枢的发育及完善有关。     

The effect of naloxone on food-motivated behavior in the obese Zucker rat

 We assessed differences in food reinforced behavior between obese and lean Zucker rats with a progressive ratio schedule 3 (PR3) in which a subject emitted three additional lever-presses each time a reinforcer was delivered. The number of responses required for a reinforcer eventually exceeded its value, termed the ”break point”, a sensitive measure of food motivated behavior. Break points were higher in obese rats than lean controls for grain pellets (27.5 versus 9.5, P=0.01) but not for sweet pellets (51.6 versus 38.5, P=0.31). We determined if naloxone (0.01–3.0 mg/kg, SC), which reduces free food intake in obese Zucker rats, affects food motivated behavior in obese Zuckers and lean controls. Naloxone reduced break points in both obese and lean rats to a similar extent when working for either grain pellets or sweet pellets. Under free-access feeding conditions, naloxone again decreased pellet intake similarly in the obese and lean Zucker rats. Naloxone appeared to decrease free-access pellet consumption to a greater extent than break point in both groups. These results show that (1) obese rats exhibit higher levels of performance for food than lean rats only when working for the less valued grain pellet, (2) naloxone reduces both break points and free-access pellet consumption independent of genotype, and (3) naloxone appears to decrease food more effectively in rats given free access to food than in rats working for food. Received: 4 April 1998 / Final version: 19 August 1998     

Human behavioral flexibility: A psychogenetic study

Forty-seven two-children families from Moscow were used in a study to assess genetic determination of behavior flexibility, which was measured by eight laboratory tests. Flexibility is regarded as a temperament trait. There was no age- or sex-specific differentiation of human behavioral flexibility. Genetic determination of indices was used as a criterion for construct validization of flexibility tests. Factor analysis produced two principal components of flexibility: operational flexibility and afferent flexibility. The study showed that a considerable part of the phenotypic variability of the flexibility indices included in different factors is under approximately equal genetic control. The flexibility factors differ in their genetic determination. In the inheritance of the first factor the leading role belongs to the additive component, whereas the dominance effects are more prominent in the second factor of flexibility.     

Experimental analysis of the ‘happy hour’: Effects of purchase price on alcohol consumption

An experimental analogue of a discount drink policy known as the happy hour was used to study the effects of purchase price on drinking behavior. Male volunteers with a prior history of either casual (N=20) or heavy (N=14) drinking were given free access to beverage alcohol during a 20-day period. Approximately half the subjects could purchase alcohol under a single-price condition (50 ¢/drink), while a matched group was given a price reduction daily (25 ¢/drink) during a three-hour period in the afternoon. The results demonstrated that the afternoon price reduction significantly increased alcohol consumption in both casual and heavy drinkers. Reinstatement of the standard purchase price effectively suppressed drinking in both groups. The findings are discussed in terms of the theoretical and research implications of environmental influences on drinking.     

Effect of intracerebroventricular bradykinin,angiotensin II,and substance P on multiple fixed-interval fixed-ratio responding in rabbits

The dose-effect relationships of intraventricularly injected bradykinin, angiotensin II, and substance P on lever-lifting behavior of rabbits in a multiple fixed-interval 2-min, fixed-ratio 15 responses (mult. FI 2 FR 15) schedule of sweetened water presentation were determined. Bradykinin, in doses of 30 and 56 ng, increased FI response rates, with lower rates being relatively more increased than higher rates while FR responding was not affected. Conversely, 3 ng of angiotensin II increased only FR response rates. Higher doses of both peptides, up to 1.7 and 1.0 g, respectively, caused dose-dependent decreases in both FI and FR response rates, mainly as a consequence of complete response supression at the beginning of the experimental session. Doses of 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 g of substance P caused dosedependent decreases in FI and FR response rates with no initial pause, FI response rates being more affected than FR rates. But 3.0 g of substance P caused an initial response suppression as well as comparable decreases in both FI and FR rates. Combined treatments of bradykinin with selected doses of amphetamine, haloperidol, atropine, morphine, and naloxone caused effects on multiple FI FR performance that did not consistently differ from the effect of bradykinin alone. These results show that small amounts of bradykinin, angiotensin II, and substance P cause specific and selective effects on operant behavior when injected into the cerebral ventricles, indicating that these endogenous peptides may play functional roles in behavioral regulation.     

Intergenerational change in sex behavior: A belated look at Kinsey's males

This article replicates for Kinsey's male sample the decade-of-birth analyses provided in the Kinsey female volume. Five generations of male respondents are compared in terms of total frequency of sexual activity, and frequency and incidence of nine specific categories of sexual behavior. In general, unmarried males born after 1900 experienced more frequent sexual outlet than did nineteenth-century males. Additionally, the proportion of total outlet devoted to various specific activities varied by birth decade. Solitary masturbation rose somewhat spectacularly in significance with the passing decades, while nocturnal emissions and animal contacts declined. Orgasms provided by heterosexual activities increased slightly for the early twentieth-century generations, but then declined to a point below their nineteenth-century levels. Although homosexual contacts accounted for a constant percentage of total outlet for unmarried males over the five generations, more males in each succeeding generation were actively engaging in homosexual activity, at least on a casual basis. Similarly, although heterosexual contacts accounted for a smaller percentage of all activity among the unmarried in later generations, more of the later-born males had engaged in such activity at least once. For married males, on the other hand, frequency of total outlet was unaffected by generation. A large and stable proportion of this outlet was provided by marital coitus. Although more males in later generations had experienced extramarital contacts, such activities accounted for a small and reasonably stable proportion of total outlet, when frequency of occurrence was considered. Masturbation gained in significance, while nocturnal emissions and homosexual contacts declined, and animal contacts among the married were almost nonexistent in all generations.     

Behavioral effects of hashish in mice

The acute and subchronic effects of hashish extract (20 mg ⁹-THC/kg) on the social interactions between two drug-treated residents and an untreated intruder male were investigated. In this analysis 28 different behavioral elements were recorded.A single drug application suppressed all categories of behavior, except submissive behavior and flight, in dominant and subordinate residents. Treated animals were less active than controls and immobility was very frequent. An elevated total activity, due to an increase in non-social activities, was observed in the untreated intruder males of this group. Social investigation as well as submissive behavior and flight were reduced in these animals.On introduction of an untreated male after the fourth drug treatment of the residents, the drugged males showed tolerance to the sedative and most of the other behavioral effects of the drug, and intruder males behaved quite normally.The formation of a dominant-subordinate relation within the group was influenced neither by a single nor by repeated drug treatment.The acute and subchronic effects of hashish extract on social, especially aggressive behavior of males are compared to those described in previous papers and the variation in the results of the different studies is discussed.     

Oxolinic acid and diazepam: Their reciprocal antagonism in rodents

The stimulant effects of oxolinic acid were investigated in rats and mice. This drug, given orally, consistantly induced, in doses ranging from 16 to 256 mg·kg^-1, locomotor stimulation and stereotyped behavior.These effects were antagonized by pimozide (1 mg·kg^-1), -methyltyrosine (64 mg·kg^-1) or reserpine (4 mg·kg^-1, 24 h before testing) pretreatment, suggesting a facilitatory role of oxolinic acid on catecholaminergic processes.Diazepam (4–16 mg·kg^-1) reduced the stimulant effects induced by oxolinic acid but not those induced by amphetamine; oxolinic acid (8 mg·kg^-1) markedly reduced the antipunishment effect elicited in rats by diazepam (2 mg·kg^-1). Since benzodiazepines have been reported to enhance GABA functioning, these data suggest that oxolinic acid may impair GABA transmission. However, neither muscimol (0.5–1 mg·kg^-1) or -acetylenic-GABA (16–64 mg·kg^-1) selectively reduced the stimulant effects elicited by oxolinic acid. Therefore, the possible facilitation exerted by this drug on catecholaminergic systems may not derive from the release of an inhibitory GABAergic control.     

The effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol alone and in combination with cannabidiol on fixed-interval performance in rhesus monkeys

It has been reported that cannabidiol (CBD) antagonizes the effects of ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on operant behavior in rats and pigeons. We have replicated this finding with rhesus monkeys. Four rhesus monkeys were trained to lever press on a fixedinterval 5-min schedule of food presentation with a 1-min limited hold and 1-min time out between successive intervals. The effects of 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg THC alone were determined three times during the experiment; before the CBD-THC interaction, after the CBD-THC interaction and once with the CBD vehicle. A dose of 30 mg/kg CBD, which alone resulted in a 24% reduction in responding, completely antagonized the response rate reduction produced by 0.3 mg/kg THC. The effects of THC revealed a rate-dependent effect that did not conform to the log-linear rate-dependency plots described for most other drugs.This research was reported at the FASEB Meeting in Atlantic City, NJ in 1978 [Fed. Proc. 37: 739 (Abs.) 1978]     

EEG effects of hallucinogens and cannabinoids using sleep-waking behavior as baseline

Three hallucinogens (d-lysergicacid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, psilocybin) and two cannabinoid derivatives (tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), synhexyl) were tested for their long-term effects on the EEG of the cat. The drug-induced alterations in the EEG frequency spectrum were "drug-specific" in the sense that they would be statistically unlikely to occur during sleep-waking behavior. The two classes of compounds produced distinctly different EEG effects which were remarkably similar within each class. The duration of activity and relative potencies were consistent with those obtained by other measures, both in cats and in other species including man.