Influence of moderate hypothermia on cerebral oxygenation in pigs with intracranial hypertension

BACKGROUND: Moderate hypothermia is one of the effective therapeutic methods for head injury in recent years, there are many mechanisms of moderate hypothermia for brain protection, and its influence on cerebral oxygenation is also one of them. OBJECTIVE: To observe the influence of moderate hypothermia on cerebral oxygenation of animals with acute intracranial hypertension, and further investigate the protective mechanism of moderate hypothermia. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital affiliated to the Medical College of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. MATERIALS: Twenty healthy little pigs, either male or female, weighing 4.5–5.5 kg, were used. Neurotrend-typed multiparameter monitoring system (Diametrics Company, British); CMA/100 micro-injection pump (Carnegie Company, Sweden). METHODS: The experiment was conducted in the Changzheng Hospital affiliated to the Second Military Medical University of Chinese PLA in November, 2001. The pigs were randomized into two groups: the normothermia group (control group, n =10) and moderate hypothermia group (n =10). ① Bilateral femoral arteries were separated, one was connected to pressometer for monitoring mean arterial pressure (MEP), and the other for analysis of blood gases [including peripheral blood pH value, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), HCO3–]. ② Rectal temperature was monitored with mercurial thermometer. ③ Intracranial pressure was monitored using Camino optic ICP probe placed in the subdural space. ④ Neurotrend multiparameter monitoring sensor was inserted into the white matter for about 4 cm to determine cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP, CPP=MAP(ICP), brain tissue partial oxygen pressure (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), HCO3– and brain temperature. The rectal temperature of animals in the moderate hypothermia group was lowered to 34 ℃ using ice bags, and the body temperature was maintained at 33–35 ℃ for 2 hours. The changes of the parameters were observed continuously, and the pigs in the normothermia group were not treated with cooling. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① MAP, ICP, rectal temperature, CCP; Indexes of cerebral oxygenation detected with Neurotrend-typed multiparameter monitoring system; ② Results of blood gases analysis in the moderate hypothermia group. RESULTS: All the 20 pigs were involved in the analysis of results. ① MAP, ICP, rectal temperature, CCP and indexes of cerebral oxygenation: In the moderate hypothermia group, the ICP after cooling was obviously lower than that before cooling [(3.31±1.19), (5.33±0.95) kPa, P < 0.05], CCP was higher, brain tissue PCO2 [(12.03±1.73), (10.59±2.01) kPa, P < 0.05], and brain tissue pH value was higher [(7.03±1.63), (9.40±1.30) kPa, P < 0.05], whereas the brain temperature was decreased as compared with that before cooling [(34.9±0.3), (37.2±0.2) ℃, P < 0.05]. ② Results of blood gases analysis in the moderate hypothermia group: There were no significant differences in the parameters of peripheral arterial blood gases analysis before and after cooling in the moderate hypothermia group (P > 0.05) CONCLUSION: Moderate hypothermia will not impair the cerebral oxygenation, and it can reduce brain tissue CO2 and decrease brain tissue acidosis.     

护士工作压力现状分析

护士工作压力作为一个突出的问题，近年来已受到越来越多的国内外学者的关注，相关报道更是层出不穷。护士这个被公认为是“高级保姆”的职业，能引起社会各界和相关学者的关心，笔者作为护士中的一员深感欣慰，但现实是护士压力状况在一定条件下并没有得到切实的改善。以儿科为例：工作现状更是让人担忧。就此，笔者调查了两家大医院的儿科护理工作者的现状。     

神经外科NICU护士的职业压力与释放

目的：进一步分析探讨NICU护士的职业压力，并寻求相应的对策，以减轻护士压力，保持身心健康。方法：2007年6月-2008年6月，每月定期应用Zung焦虑白评量表（SAS）对NICU护士进行焦虑问卷调查。结果：根据问卷调查显示NICU护士所承受的不同压力，采取应对方式，使护士压力得到有效的释放。结论：了解NICU护士工作中主要的压力源及应对策略，为有效地帮助护士减轻工作压力，保持身心健康提供依据。     

加速多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图诊断冠心病的临床观察

目的 探讨加速多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图(ADSE)对于冠心病的诊断价值及其安全性.方法 对144例已诊断为冠心病或疑似心绞痛的患者随机分组并分别进行ADSE(观察组86例)及传统多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图(DSE)检查(对照组58例),动态观察其阳性指标终止率、有效负荷剂量、终止时间及主要不良反应等相关指标.结果 观察组患者总体阳性指标终止率达到93.0%,多巴酚丁胺灌注剂量为(298.56±102.13)μg/kg,灌注时间为(6.2±2.7)min,均显著优于对照组的相关指标[分别为81.0%、(359.46±85.70)μg /kg、(8.1 4-2.4)min].且两组出现的不良反应比较差异无统计学意义.结论 ADSE对于诊断冠心病具有重要的临床实用价值,并具有不良反应少、易处置等优点.     

大型综合性教学医院护理人员工作压力及其相关因素研究

目的提高护士工作效率．增加其工作满意度．减少护理人员流失．提高护理质量。方法采用问卷调查法．对915名临床护士的人口学特征、工作压力程度以及压力与压力源、压力应对、社会支持状况之间的关系进行分析。结果多元逐步回归分析表明：压力得分的负向作用因素有护理人员的佣工性质、相信事情会变好、贫吃食物、设立解决问题的具体目标；正向作用因素有压力源指标中工资及福利待遇低、工作无成就感、需要不断学习才能胜任现有的工作、工作量太大；压力应对指标中担心、哭泣、干体力活、紧张有些神经质、独处、将问题化解、接受现实、回避、认为事情无望而听之任之。结论建议通过管理措施减少或消除压力正向作用因素．提供护士压力释放的组织和设施；通过培训提高护士压力应对能力．促进其心理健康。     

护士长在减轻手术室护士工作压力中的作用

本文分析了手术室护士压力产生的主要原因,包括:工作环境、工作方式以及团队内部产生的压力等,阐述了手术室护士长在减轻护士工作压力方面所起的作用     

减轻临床护士心理压力的几点探讨

由于医院改革改制，内部结构调整以及社会负面舆论影响等原因，临床护土所屑负的任务和贡任越来越大，因此护士工作的心理压力也随着越来越大。加强护士的心理负荷的训练，减轻护士心理压力，确保护士身心健康是每个护理管理者一项重要的日常任务。     

令人疯狂的

<正>有时去健身房对你的心理健康比肌肉更有意义随着目前的经济状况,不断上升的失业率和世界总体形势,毫无疑问我们觉得承受的压力比以往都要大很多。在你自己周围的圈子中—生活方式,工作,或者更糟的是没有工作,就好像在角落里等待生活给你一棒槌。     

护士长工作倦怠及其压力源相关因素探讨

目的 研究护士长工作倦怠现状及其压力源相关因素.方法 以问卷调查的方式向我院29名护士长口述调查,了解护士长工作倦怠与压力源的关系.结果 护士长工作倦怠与所管事务太多、繁杂、锁碎,承担的工作压力太大,压力源多,造成工作的身心疲倦、力不从心,从而感到心累.结论 护士长工作倦怠与多源性压力源相关,是影响她们工作倦怠程度的重要因素.     

宁波普通高中教师职业压力、社会支持与亚健康躯体症状的典型相关分析

目的 探讨宁波市普通高中的教师心理压力,社会支持与亚健康状态的相关关系.方法 采用职业压力问卷、社会支持量表与亚健康躯体症状自评量表对随机抽取的128名宁波市普通高中教师进行相关关系分析.结果 当存在社会支持变量时,2组变量的典型相关系数达0.563,0.471( P <0.01).职业压力的增大与社会支持水平的减少都将导致教师亚健康躯体症状的增多.当撤去社会支持变量后,典型相关系数为0.497( P <0.01).典型变量ξ中"考试压力","工作负荷"与"职业期望"的因子负载分别增大为0.801,0.855,0.726.典型变量η中的"疲劳感觉"与"睡眠障碍"的因子负载分别增大为0.774,0.859.结论 社会支持水平在职业压力与亚健康躯体症状之间可能具有中介调节作用.