半夏厚朴汤对顺铂所致水貂呕吐模型的作用及机制研究

目的 探讨半夏厚朴汤（BXHPT）对顺铂所致水貂呕吐模型的治疗作用以及对P物质（SP）/NK1R信号的影响。方法 36只水貂随机分为正常对照组,模型组,昂丹司琼组,BXHPT低、中、高剂量组（200、400、800 mg/kg）,各组分别给予相应的药物连续7 d,后采用顺铂腹腔注射构建呕吐模型,测定水貂的干呕和呕吐次数,ELISA法检测水貂大脑最后区SP的含量,Western blot法测定大脑最后区NK1R、p-ERK1/2、ERK1/2的蛋白水平。结果 模型组水貂干呕、呕吐次数,大脑最后区SP水平,NK1R,p-ERK1/2蛋白水平均明显高于正常对照组（P<0.05）。而BXHPT组水貂干呕、呕吐次数,大脑最后区SP水平,NK1R,p-ERK1/2蛋白水平均明显低于模型组（P<0.05）。结论 BXHPT可以治疗顺铂导致的水貂的呕吐,其机制可能与降低水貂大脑最后区SP/NK1R信号活化有关。      

急性肠系膜血管闭塞的临床特征

目的探讨急性肠系膜血管闭塞(AMVO)的临床特征。方法选择69例AMVO患者,男47例,女22例,对不同性别患者临床特征进行回顾性分析。结果女性急性肠系膜动脉栓塞的比例高于男性(50.0%υs 36.2%,P=0.276);患者初次就诊时均有腹痛表现,但男性呕吐和上腹痛多于女性,女性血便的比例多于男性;男性患者入院时白细胞总数明显低于女性患者[(13.50±6.53)×10~9/Lυs(22.97±10.77)×10~9/L,P=0.004];男性中性粒细胞的百分比亦低于女性[0.83±0.11υs 0.90±0.07,P=0.044];D-二聚体男性与女性接近[(7.72±6.82)mg/Lυs(8.09±8.76)mg/L,P=0.901]。结论在AMVO患者中,女性患者急性肠系膜动脉栓塞的比例高于男性,且临床病情也较男性重。     

盐酸帕洛诺司琼预防硬膜外自控镇痛所致恶心呕吐的分析

【摘要】　目的 观察盐酸帕洛诺司琼预防术后硬膜外腔自控镇痛引起恶心呕吐副作用的效果。方法 选取择期硬膜外麻醉下开腹胆囊切除术后施行硬膜外腔自控镇痛(PCEA)的患者60例,PCEA采用吗啡6 mg+0.125%布比卡因混合液(100 mL)。将患者分为盐酸帕洛诺司琼组,氟哌啶组和对照组(每20例),在术前静脉给予盐酸帕洛诺司琼0.25 mg,氟哌啶2.5 mg和生理盐水100 mL。术后记录使用PCEA镇痛期间的恶心例数及其严重程度;呕吐例数及次数;出现呕吐后给予胃复安,非那根,地塞米松等药物止吐的控制率。结果 对照组13例出现Ⅰ~Ⅲ级恶心呕吐的不良反应,盐酸帕洛诺司琼组患者1例1级恶心呕吐的发生,与其他两组相比P<0.001;氟哌啶组出现5例Ⅰ~Ⅱ级恶心呕吐的,与对照组相比P=0.022。结论 术前预防性给予盐酸帕洛诺司琼可显著降低胆囊切除术后PCEA引起恶心呕吐副作用的发生。     

Postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis: The efficacy of a novel antiemetic drug (palonosetron) combined with dexamethasone

BackgroundPalonosetron is a new, potent, and long-acting 5HT3-receptors antagonist that had been approved by the FDA for use in postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) prophylaxis. This study is designed to evaluate its efficacy combined with dexamethasone in PONV prophylaxis in highrisk patients scheduled for laparoscopic surgeries.MethodsIn this double-blind, active-controlled study, 150 patients aged 20–55 years, ASA I–II, and with Apfel’s PONV score 2–4 were equally randomized to receive dexamethasone 8 mg before anesthesia induction and saline 30 min before the end of surgery (group D + S), dexamethasone 8 mg before anesthesia induction and metoclopramide 25 mg 30 min before the end of surgery (group D + M), or dexamethasone 8 mg combined with palonosetron 0.075 mg before anesthesia induction and saline 30 min before the end of surgery (group D + P). Incidences of early and late PONV, complete response, adverse events from antiemetics used, and overall patients’ satisfaction were recorded.ResultsThe incidence of PONV was comparable in the three groups 0–6 h postoperatively. Palonosetron–dexamethasone and dexamethasone–metoclopramide combination therapies significantly reduced the incidence of PONV at 6–12 h postoperatively compared to dexamethasone monotherapy (12% and 16%, vs. 36%, respectively, with P < 0.05). Moreover, palonosetron–dexamethasone combination therapy significantly reduced the incidence of PONV at 12–24 h postoperatively compared to both dexamethasone monotherapy (16% vs. 48%, P < 0.01), and dexamethasone–metoclopramide combination therapy (16% vs. 40%, P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse drug effects was comparable in the three groups. The overall patients’ satisfaction was significantly higher in palonosetron–dexamethasone combination therapy compared to other groups.ConclusionPalonosetron–dexamethasone combination is effective and safe in PONV (early and late) prophylaxis in high-risk patients undergoing laparoscopic surgeries with known high-risk of PONV.     

防治术后恶心呕吐的研究进展

背景 术后恶心呕吐(postoperative nausea and vomiting,PONV)是麻醉手术后最常见的并发症之一,其发生率可高达30％.虽然国际上已公布了防治PONV共识和指南,但尚存在缺陷的PONV预测模型和复杂的防治策略成为临床防治PONV最大的障碍. 目的 探究在临床工作中防治PONV的主要障碍,为临床防治PONV工作提供更有效的途径. 内容 尚存在缺陷的PONV预测模型和复杂的防治策略是临床防治PONV最大的障碍,多模式防治PONV是一种简单、有效的预防PONV发生的方法. 趋向 多模式防治PONV更容易被临床麻醉医生接受和应用,新型的抗PONV药物和传统经典的抗呕吐药物为临床多模式防治提供了更大的选择空间.     

Review of evidence for the use of steroids in orthognathic surgery

Primarily, steroids are used routinely in orthognathic surgery to reduce swelling, but there is no nationally accepted regimen for the use of glucocorticoids in the UK. This article examines the evidence base for the use of steroids to reduce swelling, nausea, vomiting, and pain, and looks at evidence of the ratio of risks:benefits in orthognathic surgery and related publications. Evidence supports their use preoperatively, but the timing of this and their postoperative use may be contentious. The current regimens are associated with little morbidity and low cost. A well designed multi-centre study whose design would allow objective measures of swelling is required to resolve the areas of debate.     

Guideline for the Treatment of Breakthrough and the Prevention of Refractory Chemotherapy‐Induced Nausea and Vomiting in Children With Cancer

This clinical practice guideline provides an approach to the treatment of breakthrough chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and the prevention of refractory CINV in children. It was developed by an international, interprofessional panel and is based on systematic literature reviews. Evidence‐based interventions for the treatment of breakthrough and prophylaxis of refractory CINV are recommended. Gaps in the evidence used to support the recommendations made in this clinical practice guideline were identified. The contribution of these recommendations to breakthrough and refractory CINV control in children requires prospective evaluation.