Comparison of automated and manual ventilation in a prehospital pediatric model

Objective. Portable transport ventilators (TV) and demand valves (DV) may be effective and easy-to-use alternatives to bag-valve (BV) for prehospital ventilation of adults. The purpose of the study was to determine whether such devices maintain arterial blood gases and airway pressures similar to those for BV in a pediatric swine model. Method. This study was a prospective, randomized, crossover design using immature swine (9.6 ± 0.9 kg) to model ventilation in small children. Anesthetized, intubated, paralyzed, and cannulated animals were ventilated initially on standard mechanical hospital ventilation (HV). They were then assigned in random order to 10-minute intervals of ventilation using BV, TV, low-frequency jet ventilation (JV), and DV. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparisons (alpha = 0.05). Results. The PaO₂ exceeded 90 mm Hg for all animal/ventilation combinations. Blood PaCO₂ was lower for BV and DV than it was for TV, JV, or HV. In contrast, blood pH was higher for BV and DV than it was for TV, JV, or HV. Peak airway pressure was higher for BV than it was for HV, TV, or JV; it was lower for JV than it was for HV, TV, or BV. Conclusion. This animal model suggests that automated TV and JV may provide more effective ventilation of children than do manual BV or DV devices. Although promising, these findings require application in children under prehospital emergent conditions.     

Remdesivir and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Essential Questions and Answers for Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians

Objective: To conduct a review of the investigational drug remdesivir and its therapeutic potential for treatment of COVID-19, in the form of a series of questions and answers. The purpose of the review is to narrow gaps in knowledge, clarify concepts, and to investigate research advancements for health care professionals. Data Sources: From June 2020 to August 2020, we conducted comprehensive searches of MEDLINE-PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases with no time limitations. Search terms were included that contained the terms “remdesivir,” “COVID-19,” “novel coronavirus” and “evidence,” “therapy,” “safety,” “effectiveness,” “efficacy,” “clinical trial.” Study Selection and Data Extraction: The sources of information include all publicly available data from previously published research reports. Reports must have at least one reference to remdesivir as a treatment modality for COVID-19 with no specified outcomes. Data Synthesis: Major research findings on the efficacy and safety of remdesivir are summarized in tabular format and presented in chronological order. Results of this review reveal remdesivir to be an effective therapy in specific clinical contexts; however, in several areas, available data are insufficient to support evidence-based guidance for remdesivir in the treatment of COVID-19. Conclusions: Clinical trials on remdesivir are ongoing, yet questions remain and further research is needed as to the selection of patients, effectiveness, and duration of treatment in the use of remdesivir for treatment of COVID-19.     

肿瘤医院呼吸机相关性肺炎的真菌感染特点分析

目的:探讨肿瘤医院呼吸机相关真菌性肺炎(VAP-F)发生的临床与病原菌特点,为临床提供指导.方法:选取中山大学肿瘤防治中心2006-01-2009-09 ICU住院并行机械通气时间>48 h,ICU收治时间>7 d,且于ICU治疗期间始终未出现中性粒细胞缺乏、免疫抑制的肿瘤患者,排除输入性真菌感染或已行预防性抗真菌治疗者,其中拟诊真菌感染者为VAP-F组,其余设为对照组.结果:按标准共收集病历44例,VAP-F组20例,对照组24例,VAP-F发生率为45.45%(20/44).最常见菌为白色念殊菌12例(60.0%),近平滑念珠菌4例(20.0%),光滑念珠菌3例(15.0%).热带念珠菌1例(5.0%).所合并细菌以革兰阳性菌(64.7%)为主.两组间呼吸机通气时间、年龄及是否合并细菌感染差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而患者体质量、是否行胃肠道手术、术前术后肺功能氧合指数(OI)及其变化等指标两组间差异无统计学意义.Logistic回归分析表明,是否合并细菌感染是吸机相关真菌性肺的独立危险因素.结论:肿瘤患者VAP-F的发生与是否合并细菌感染有关,若临床已行针对细菌治疗,建议同时行预防性抗真菌治疗.     

BiPAP呼吸机治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭护理体会

目的探讨BiPAP呼吸机治疗COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭护理方法。方法回顾性分析86例COPD合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者在常规治疗基础上应用BiPAP呼吸机的护理方法。结果经BiPAP呼吸机辅助治疗加积极有效的护理,86例患者中78例症状及血气分析结果均显著改善,好转出院;8例因病情加重行有创机械通气,其中5例死亡。结论积极、有效、规范的护理对治疗效果及并发症防治方面均有极其重要的意义。     

机械通气慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者皮质-膈肌通路的电生理评价

目的:探讨机械通气慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者膈神经运动传导(PNC)及磁刺激膈肌运动诱发电位(dMEP)的特点.方法:选取10例常规机械通气COPD患者(上机时间≤7 d)和10例长期机械通气COPD患者(上机时间＞7 d),健康体检者10例为对照组,分别行PNC和dMEP检测.结果:3组间脱机前后PNC、经C7棘突dMEP、经皮质dMEP潜伏期及波幅对数值差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01或P＜0.05);3组间脱机前后中枢运动传导时间(CMCT)差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),其中脱机前2组COPD患者与对照组相比CMCT延长(P＜0.01),2组COPD患者间CMCT差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);脱机后长期机械通气组与常规机械通气组相比CMCT延长(P＜0.01),而脱机后常规机械通气组与对照组相比CMCT差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:机械通气COPD患者存在不同程度的皮质-膈肌通路功能障碍,长期机械通气可加重其功能障碍,PNC和dMEP检测有助于明确机械通气COPD患者呼吸功能障碍的原因.     

Intraoperative awareness due to malfunction of a Siemens 900B ventilator

A case of intraoperative awareness during a thoracotomy is described. The patient's recall coincided with an intraoperative period during which a Siemens 900B ventilator and a Siemens 952 isoflurane vaporiser were used. Subsequent assessment of this equipment with an anaesthetic agent analyzer revealed that, at the ventilator settings which had been used, the delivered anaesthetic vapour concentration varied greatly from the vaporizer settings. This problem eventually was traced to a malfunctioning inlet control valve on the ventilator. This complication may have been prevented if the end-tidal anaesthetic concentration had been monitored intraoperatively.     

Economics of low-flow anaesthesia in children

We have measured the consumption of isoflurane and fresh gas flows in 77 infants and children during 20 all-day operating sessions using either the enclosed Mapleson A or the circle absorber mode of the Garden'Ventmasta'ventilator. The average consumption (SD) of isoflurane in 37 patients anaesthetised using the A mode of the Garden system with a mean fresh gas flow of 2.6l.min⁻¹ was 11.1 (4.2)g.h⁻¹, while that in 40 patients anaesthetised using the circle absorber mode with a mean fresh gas flow of 1.21.min⁻¹ was 4.7 (1.0)g.h⁻¹. These figures represent an overall saving of 58% in the use of isoflurane (p < 0.0001) and a mean reduction in fresh gas flow of 54% (p < 0.0001) as a result of using low-flow anaesthesia. With the addition of small bore breathing hoses the adult circle absorber system was practical to use in both infants and children. These findings should stimulate interest in the use of low-flow techniques in children.     

Assisted ventilation and the Servo ventilator in infants

A laboratory assessment was made of systems used for Continuous Positive Airway Pressure/Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation (CPAP/IMV) with the Servo 900B and 900C ventilators. Pressure-volume loops recorded during sine wave oscillation using an external CPAP/IMV system were similar to those found during normal respiration. Pressure-volume loops using the systems based on the ventilator's inbuilt trigger mechanism were very different, particularly for the 900B. The results were confirmed by measurements in two infants. The implications of these findings with reference to the weaning of infants from mechanical ventilation are discussed.     

特布他林雾化与硝普钠静滴对肺心病患者心肺功能的影响

对12例肺心病患者比较研究机械通气时特布他林5mg雾化与硝普钠25mg在5％葡萄糖液500mL静滴后的心肺功能变化。静滴硝普钠后肺动脉平均压(PAP)和肺血管阻力(PVR)均降低,但伴动脉血氧分压(PO_2)下降。特布他林雾化后,虽然PAP和PVR降低较少,但PO_2无明显改变且伴P_VO_2升高。提示特布他林雾化可较好地改善肺心病患者心肺功能。