辽宁省葫芦岛市2013~2016年疑似预防接种异常反应监测分析

目的:分析葫芦岛市2013~2016年疑似预防接种异常反应(AEFI)发生特点,对AEFI监测系统的运行情况及预防接种疫苗安全性进行评估.方法:采用描述性方法对AEFI监测系统收集的2013-2016年AEFI病例进行流行病学分析.结果:2013年1月~2016年12月葫芦岛市共接种疫苗(包括一类及二类疫苗)1845803剂次,AEFI上报198例,报告发生率10.73/10万.其中一般反应197例占99.5%,在各种接种疫苗中AEFI发生率以狂犬病(Vero冻干)(52.04/10万)、白破(41.85/10万)、百白破(无细胞)(33.32/10万)及流脑A群(26.53/10万)分居前四位;AEFI病例报告数量构成比百白破(无细胞)(46.19%)、流脑A群(12.18%)乙脑(减毒)(9.14%)以及麻风(7.61%)分居前4位;葫芦岛市共辖6个县区,6个县区均通过AEFI信息管理系统报告了病例,其中建昌县报告最多占38.89%,兴城市最少占2.53%.以县区为单位报告覆盖率100%,达到国家要求的100%指标;以乡镇级为单位报告覆盖率28.07%;葫芦岛市198例AEFI病例以红肿87例(43.94%)、发热58例(29.29%)及硬节46例(23.23%)多见,男性(56.57%)高于女性(43.43%),以0~1岁幼儿为主(68.69%),夏季为高发期(41.41%),多在48h内出现不良反应(85.86%).结论:AEFI监测对保障预防接种的安全性有重要的意义.     

Safety and immunogenicity of live attenuated varicella vaccine in 9-month-old children

BACKGROUND: The present study was conducted to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of live attenuated varicella vaccine (Oka-strain) in 9-month-old infants. METHODS: One hundred and fourteen infants were vaccinated once with live attenuated varicella vaccine (Valrix; SmithKline Beecham Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) containing a mean virus titer of 10(4.0) plaque-forming units (p.f.u.) per dose. Signs and/or symptoms after vaccination were followed for 42 days. Home visits were made to detect solicited local reactions (0-3 days) and solicited general reactions (0-21 days), as well as unsolicited reactions. Specific varicella antibodies were determined by an indirect immunofluorescence method. The geometric mean titer and seroconversion rate were calculated. RESULTS: Signs and/or symptoms were reported in 47.4% (54/114) of cases following vaccination. The only local symptom reported was pain on digital pressure at the injection site and this was reported in 28.1% (32/114) of infants. General symptoms were reported in 38.6% (44/114) of cases. The most frequently reported findings were fever (27.2%), which was mostly mild, restlessness (20.2%) and cough (11.4%). Only four unsolicited symptoms were reported and they were all unrelated to vaccination. No serious adverse event was reported. Of the 109 infants included in the immunogenicity analysis, 105 were seronegative and four were seropositive for antibodies against varicella before vaccination. The vaccine elicited seroconversion in 97.1% of initially seronegative cases. The post-vaccination geometric mean titer for these infants was 30.9 geometric mean titer (GMT). CONCLUSIONS: The vaccine was found to be safe and immunogenic when given to infants as young as 9 months of age. This may be of clinical significance during outbreaks of varicella and especially for developing countries.     

Brief report: immune factors in autism: a critical review

Pervasive developmental disorders represent a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that affect children early in their development. Autistic disorder is the best described of these disorders, yet even this term covers a broad group of clinical presentations. Various immune system abnormalities, including autoimmunity and defects in different subsets of immune cells, have been reported in children with autistic disorder, suggesting that immune factors may play a role in the development of autism. Based on anecdotal observation, vaccination was proposed to cause autism in some children, but several controlled studies have failed to support this claim. Intravenous immunoglobulin infusions has been tested as immunotherapy for autism, although the preliminary results are inconclusive and there is a risk of potentially fatal transmission of blood-borne pathogens. To examine this issue, intensive well-controlled epidemiological and bench studies need to be carried out in defined and carefully controlled study subjects to establish the cellular and molecular basis of autism, against which the effects of each proposed immune factor can be examined.     

Infections, vaccinations, and the risk of childhood leukaemia.

A nationwide case-control study was conducted in New Zealand, to test hypotheses about the role of infections in the aetiology of childhood leukaemia. Children aged 0-14 years with leukaemia were matched on age and sex to controls selected from birth records. Case ascertainment was virtually complete and 121 (92%) of 131 eligible case families took part. The participation rate among the 303 first-choice eligible controls was 69%. Home interviews and serological tests were conducted. Adjusted relative risks were estimated by logistic regression. There was an increased risk of leukaemia in relation to reported influenza infection of the child during the first year of life (adjusted odds ratio 6.8, 95% confidence interval 1.8-25.7). This could be a chance finding due to multiple comparisons, and it should be tested elsewhere. Some key variables relevant to Greaves' hypothesis were not associated with B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (numbers of infections and vaccinations, firstborn status, attendance at preschool groups), although a small effect could not be ruled out with a study of this size. Leukaemia risk was higher among children in poorer social circumstances, and this was true for all eligible children as well as for the participants.