Direct gene transfer into muscle

Gene therapy has great promise for the treatment and the prevention of a broad range of inherited and acquired diseases. Gene transfer methods currently explored include the use of viral vectors and physical—chemical methods. Plasmid DNA can be taken up by skeletal muscle cells in vivo without any special delivery mechanism and persist long-term in an extrachromosomal, non-replicative circular form. Thus, foreign genes can be expressed permanently in skeletal muscle. At present the efficiency of gene transfer is not high enough to treat genetic muscle diseases. However, even at the relatively low efficiency of expression we are able to achieve at present, plasmid DNA transfer seems to be a very promising way of programming cells in vivo to secrete proteins for immunization purposes.     

2011-2012年滦南县疑似预防接种异常反应监测分析

目的分析滦南县2011-2012年疑似预防接种异反应（Adverse Events Following Immunization,AEFI）发生特征,评价AEFI监测系统的运转情况。方法通过AEFI监测系统,收集2011-2012年AEFI个案数据,采用描述性方法对AEFI监测系统运转进行评价,对AEFI病例进行流行病学分析。结果 2011-2012年全县18个接种单位均有AEFI个案报告,共报告135例,其中国家免疫规划（National Immunization Program,NIP）疫苗117例,占86.67%。首剂接种疫苗占42.22%,2、3剂接种疫苗各占18.52%,4剂接种疫苗占19.26%。发生在接种后≤1 d 125例,占92.6%,48 h内报告率为100%,48 h内调查率为100%,一般反应114例,异常反应20例,偶合症1例,异常反应中过敏反应18例,占90.0%。估算全县NIP疫苗常见预防接种异常反应报告发生率为16.61/100万-172.5/100万;134例（99.3%）治愈,1例（0.7%）好转。结论滦南县AEFI监测质量尚需提高,AEFI多发生在首剂接种、接种后≤1 d,此为监测重点。     

陕西省肾综合征出血热疫区人群国产疫苗免疫远期效果分析

目的 研究肾综合征出血热(HFRS)疫苗远期保护率,分析疫苗接种后抗体变化规律.方法 采取整群、随机抽样和横断面调查方法,在陕西省HFRS疫区(户县)和非疫区(定边县)开展发病和疫苗接种调查,采用ELISA检测血清IgG抗体.结果 HFRS疫苗保护率拟合接种年限的曲线方程[保护率Y=(0.863+ 0.283/X年限)×100％],末次接种7～8年后保护率降到90％以下,10年后为88％,平均94％;疫区接种人群IgG检测吸光度(A)中位数高于疫区非接种人群4倍,完成基础免疫接种即可获得较高抗体水平,末次接种5～ 10年间抗体水平下降50％,10年以后下降60％.结论 在HFRS疫区,人群抗体在末次接种后5～10年间下降50％,疫苗保护率在7～8年后降到90％以下,可考虑7年后再加强接种一个针次.     

2008～2011年潍坊市免疫规划信息管理系统运转情况评价

[目的]评价2008～2011年潍坊市免疫规划信息管理系统运转情况。[方法]对2008～2011年免疫规划信息管理系统的基础免疫接种率监测资料进行分析。[结果]2008～2011年潍坊市五苗(卡介苗、新生儿乙肝疫苗、口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗、百白破联合疫苗、麻疹疫苗)基础免疫接种率报告上传率为93.87%、96.10%、100.00%、100.00%,常规免疫报告接种率为95.04%～99.64%,估算接种率为96.49%～115.80%。D值:12个县(市、区)中,报告接种率为可信的4个,可疑的4个,可信、可疑的1个,可疑、不可信的3个。R值:共计算16个R值,报告接种率为可信的占81.25%,可疑占18.75%。[结论]免疫规划信息管理系统进行统计接种率具有很高的可信度,可作为获取基础免疫接种率报告的可靠途径。     

Reactive vaccination as control strategy for an outbreak of invasive meningococcal disease caused by Neisseria meningitidis C:P1.5-1,10-8:F3-6:ST-11(cc11), Bergamo province,Italy, December 2019 to January 2020

In Italy, serogroup C meningococci of the clonal complex cc11 (MenC/cc11) have caused several outbreaks of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) during the past 20 years. Between December 2019 and January 2020, an outbreak of six cases of IMD infected with MenC/cc11 was identified in a limited area in the northern part of Italy. All cases presented a severe clinical picture, and two of them were fatal. This report is focused on the microbiological and molecular analysis of meningococcal isolates with the aim to reconstruct the chain of transmission. It further presents the vaccination strategy adopted to control the outbreak. The phylogenetic evaluation demonstrated the close genetic proximity between the strain involved in this outbreak and a strain responsible for a larger epidemic that had occurred in 2015 and 2016 in the Tuscany Region. The rapid identification and characterisation of IMD cases and an extensive vaccination campaign contributed to the successful control of this outbreak caused by a hyperinvasive meningococcal strain.     

Investigating COVID-19 Vaccine Impact on the Risk of Hospitalisation through the Analysis of National Surveillance Data Collected in Belgium

The national vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 started in January 2021 in Belgium. In the present study, we aimed to use national hospitalisation surveillance data to investigate the recent evolution of vaccine impact on the risk of COVID-19 hospitalisation. We analysed aggregated data from 27,608 COVID-19 patients hospitalised between October 2021 and February 2022, stratified by age category and vaccination status. For each period, vaccination status, and age group, we estimated risk ratios (RR) corresponding to the ratio between the probability of being hospitalised following SARS-CoV-2 infection if belonging to the vaccinated population and the same probability if belonging to the unvaccinated population. In October 2021, a relatively high RR was estimated for vaccinated people > 75 years old, possibly reflecting waning immunity within this group, which was vaccinated early in 2021 and invited to receive the booster vaccination at that time. In January 2022, a RR increase was observed in all age categories coinciding with the dominance of the Omicron variant. Despite the absence of control for factors like comorbidities, previous infections, or time since the last administered vaccine, we showed that such real-time aggregated data make it possible to approximate trends in vaccine impact over time.     

College students' perceptions of H1N1 flu risk and attitudes toward vaccination

College students are highly susceptible to the H1N1 virus, yet previous studies suggest that college students perceive themselves at low risk for the flu. We surveyed 514 undergraduates to assess their perceptions of H1N1 flu risk and opinions about flu vaccines. A third of respondents stated that they were not at risk of getting the H1N1 flu because they were young. Responses indicated a distrust of the safety and effectiveness of influenza vaccinations; only 15.8% of participants planned on receiving H1N1 vaccination. Top reasons for refusing the H1N1 vaccine included questioning vaccine safety and effectiveness, and concerns about potential serious and/or benign side effects. Top reasons for H1N1 vaccination acceptance included receiving a doctor recommendation for the vaccine, having previously gotten a seasonal vaccine, and being at high-risk for influenza. Our findings suggest that college students are inaccurate in assessing their risk level and are unlikely to seek vaccinations.     

The Effect of a Web-Based Cervical Cancer Survivor’s Story on Parents' Behavior and Willingness to Consider Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Daughters: Randomized Controlled Trial

BackgroundProviding adequate information to parents who have children eligible for human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is essential to overcoming vaccine hesitancy in Japan, where the government recommendation has been suspended. However, prior trials assessing the effect of brief educational tools have shown only limited effects on increasing the willingness of parents to vaccinate their daughters.ObjectiveThe aim of this trial is to assess the effect of a cervical cancer survivor’s story on the willingness of parents to get HPV vaccination for their daughters.MethodsIn this double-blinded, randomized controlled trial (RCT) implemented online, we enrolled 2175 participants aged 30-59 years in March 2020 via a webpage and provided them with a questionnaire related to the following aspects: awareness regarding HPV infection and HPV vaccination, and willingness for HPV vaccination. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) to see a short film on a cervical cancer survivor or nothing, stratified by sex (male vs female) and willingness for HPV vaccination prior to randomization (yes vs no). The primary endpoint was the rate of parents who agreed for HPV vaccination for their daughters. The secondary endpoint was the rate of parents who agreed for HPV vaccination for their daughters and the HPV vaccination rate at 3 months. The risk ratio (RR) was used to assess the interventional effect.ResultsOf 2175 participants, 1266 (58.2%) were men and 909 (41.8%) were women. A total of 191 (8.8%) participants were willing to consider HPV vaccination prior to randomization. Only 339 (15.6%) participants were aware of the benefits of HPV vaccination. In contrast, 562 (25.8%) participants were aware of the adverse events of HPV vaccination. Although only 476 (21.9%) of the respondents displayed a willingness to vaccinate their daughters for HPV, there were 7.5% more respondents in the intervention group with this willingness immediately after watching the short film (RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.20-1.66). In a subanalysis, the willingness in males to vaccinate daughters was significantly higher in the intervention group (RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.25-1.81); however, such a difference was not observed among females (RR 1.21, 95% CI 0.88-1.66). In the follow-up survey at 3 months, 1807 (83.1%) participants responded. Of these, 149 (8.2%) responded that they had had their daughters receive vaccination during the 3 months, even though we could not see the effect of the intervention: 77 (7.9%) in the intervention group and 72 (8.7%) in the control group.ConclusionsA cervical cancer survivor’s story increases immediate willingness to consider HPV vaccination, but the effect does not last for 3 months. Furthermore, this narrative approach to parents does not increase vaccination rates in children eligible for HPV vaccination.Trial RegistrationUMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000039273; https://tinyurl.com/bdzjp4yf     

北京西城(南)区预防接种规范化门诊服务满意度评价

目的了解儿童家长对预防接种规范化门诊服务的满意度,为提高预防接种服务质量提供参考。方法以当前中国社区卫生/全科医学服务病人满意度测量工具为模板,设计儿童家长调查问卷,2014年2月至6月,在北京市西城(南)区8家预防接种规范化门诊选择1 000位儿童家长,时北京市西城(南)区的预防接种规范化门诊的服务满意度进行评价。结果儿童家长对预防接种规范化门诊整体服务、卫生环境和门诊时间"满意"和"非常满意"的分别占93.3%(914/980)、86.8%(851/980)和75.6%(741/980);不同性别、年龄、文化程度、与儿童的关系及户籍的儿童家长对预防接种规范化门诊总满意率比较差异均有统计学意义(x^2值分别为68.523、70.303、29.790、51.719、9.367,均P<0.05);经Logistic多因素分析结果显示:家长性别、门诊环境、解释知情同意书、询问儿童健康状况、医生接受咨询时的态度、儿童未留观30分钟医生是否劝阻以及询问接种后状况7个因素是影响家长对接种门诊满意度的因素(x^2值分别为21.042、18.544、8.830、11.529、32.720、13.650、5.038,均P<0.1)。结论儿童家长对北京市西城(南)区预防接种规范化门诊总体服务满意度较高,尤其是在接种前和接种后的告知方面;但仍存在需要改善卫生服务质量和水平的环节。门诊整体环境和人性化的卫生服务是影响总满意度的最主要因素。