肾损伤因子1对冠状动脉造影术后对比剂肾病发生的预测价值

目的分析肾损伤因子1(Kim-1)对冠状动脉造影术后对比剂肾病发生的预测价值。方法依据接受冠状动脉造影检查患者冠状动脉造影术后是否发生对比剂肾病(CIN)分为两组,观察组(术后CIN)及对照组(无CIN)。比较两组的术后24 h尿中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)及Kim-1水平。结果本研究共纳入患者76例,其中观察组31例,对照组45例。观察组患者Kim-1水平显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=4.765,P0.01);观察组患者尿NGAL水平显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=3.157,P0.01)。Pearson相关性检验显示,观察组患者NGAL水平与Kim-1水平呈现显著正相关,差异有统计学意义(r=0.675,P0.01)。ROC曲线分析显示,当Kim-1取值为4.71μg/L时,对比剂肾病发生的预测敏感性为83.87%,特异性为84.44%,优于NGAL。结论 Kim-1可用以辅助预测冠状动脉造影术后对比剂肾病的发生。     

肾内科住院患者抗菌药物使用情况调查分析

目的 探讨肾内科住院患者抗茵药物应用情况,以利其合理应用.方法 回顾性分析2010年5月1日至8月31日出院患者的病历261份,分别统计抗茵药物使用品种、时间等.结果 抗茵药物使用率74.71%,共计9类21种,平均使用11.13 d;单一用药占60.00%,二联用药占29.23%;更换用药率占24.62%;应用特殊使用的抗菌药占6.15%;使用疗程1-3 d的占13.85%,8-14 d的占46-15%,结论肾内科使用抗菌药物基本合理.但仍待规范.     

REPORT OF A WORKSHOP TO REVIEW UROLOGICAL TRAINING IN AUSTRALASIA

A review of the current Australasian urological training programme was undertaken by members of the Urological Society of Australasia in a workshop format. The participants worked in small groups developing strategies to overcome problems which the whole group had identified previously. The strategies proposed by the groups were subsequently edited and definitive recommendations developed. This paper details the final recommendations of the workshop and the intended steps towards their implementation.     

Erectile Dysfunction among People Who Use Ketamine and Poly-Drugs

Despite the rise in recreational use of ketamine in Malaysia, there have been no studies of users or of the health-related consequences they face. This study was initiated to examine ketamine use and its health consequences. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit information. A final sample of 127 males was divided into persons who used only ketamine and those who were poly-drug users. Each group was further divided into long-period and short-period users. Urine toxicology screening for ketamine and other illicit drugs commonly used in Malaysia was also done. Our findings corroborate those of earlier studies that link ketamine use to urological problems such as frequent urination, dysuria, incontinence, painful bladder, nocturia, and urinary urgency. A new finding in this study is the significant association between ketamine use and erectile dysfunction, such that higher odds of reporting erectile dysfunction were linked to long-period users. Our findings strengthen the case for early intervention, as ketamine users are drawn from young and unmarried male participants. The association of ketamine use with erectile dysfunction, if substantiated, will help physicians in their diagnosis of erectile dysfunction, particularly among youths.     

The epidemiology of trauma of the genitourinary system after traffic accidents: analysis of a register of over 43,000 victims

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the frequency and type of injury to the genitourinary system, by user category, after traffic accidents. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The register which forms the basis of this study is unique in Europe and includes 43,056 victims of road traffic accidents, and was compiled between 1996 and 2001. The categories of road users included: motorists, motorcyclists, cyclists, pedestrians, van and bus users, and roller skaters. The urological complication rate was analysed for each category. RESULTS: In all, 199 cases of trauma of the genitourinary system (0.46%) were recorded. The most frequent urological complications were renal (43%) and testicular trauma (24%), the former most frequent in motorists (65%) and pedestrians (29%), and the latter in motorcyclists (41%). CONCLUSIONS: An analysis of this register provides better knowledge of the urogenital injuries after traffic accidents. Renal and testicular injuries are the most frequent.     

Prostate cancer detection with digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen, transrectal ultrasonography and biopsy in clinical urological practice

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate specific antigen (PSA) and transrectal ultrasonography and biopsy (TRUSB) in detecting prostate cancer in one teaching-hospital urological practice. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 2800 consecutive patients had TRUSB as outpatients by one urologist, the indications for which were a raised or rising PSA level or an abnormal DRE. In addition, the indications for repeat TRUSB included previous abnormal histology, e.g. suspicious areas or atypia or high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. All data were collected prospectively. RESULTS: Of 2800 TRUSB, 223 were known cases of prostate cancer (previously diagnosed from transurethral prostatectomy chips or after radical prostatectomy) and were excluded from the analysis. There were 2194 initial and 383 repeat TRUSB; of the former patients, 1129 were found to have prostate cancer, giving a cancer-detection rate of 52%. The positive predictive values (PPVs) for patients with a normal DRE and PSA of < 4, 4-10 and > 10 ng/mL were 9%, 31% and 48%, respectively; the corresponding PPVs for patients with an abnormal DRE and the same PSA levels were 27%, 67% and 85%, respectively. Of the 383 repeat TRUSB, the cancer-detection rate was 31% for the first repeat and 28% for the second. CONCLUSIONS: The present values are higher than those reported previously, because these patients were within a clinical urological practice, and the indications for and methods of TRUSB have changed in recent years, such that more lateral areas were biopsied. These values are useful in helping clinicians to counsel patients about the probability of detecting cancer.     

Venous thromboembolism in radical prostatectomy: is heparinoid prophylaxis warranted?

OBJECTIVE: To review the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) and evaluate the need for heparinoid prophylaxis as opposed to mechanical compression devices after RRP. PATIENTS AND METHODS: RRP is classified as a category 1 (high risk) procedure for VTE by the American College of Chest Physicians and several international guidelines recommend subcutaneous heparinoids as the preferred prophylaxis. However, this regimen may be associated with a greater risk of bleeding. We have not used heparinoid prophylaxis but place a mechanical compression device for prophylaxis of VTE, and report our clinical experience over a 12-year period. Between 1992 and 2004, all RRPs carried out by one surgeon (M.S.S.) at our centre were retrospectively reviewed after obtaining institutional review board approval. The protocol for prophylaxis of VTE consisted of compression stockings and a sequential compression device from the time of entry into the operating room until complete ambulation (we encourage early ambulation). Patients were evaluated for VTE if they developed any clinical signs or symptoms. Patients were followed at 7 days, 6 weeks and 3 months after RRP in the first year and 6-monthly thereafter. All relevant clinical data and complications were entered in a database. RESULTS: In all there were 1364 RRPs; the mean (sd) age of the patients was 61 (7) years and the mean follow-up 44 (38) months. All patients had a mechanical compression device and ambulated on the first day after surgery. None received heparinoid prophylaxis. Three VTE events were identified (0.21%); two patients had a lower limb VTE and one an upper limb VTE. All were successfully treated with anticoagulation. No patient had a documented pulmonary embolus and none died from VTE. There was one death after RRP, from myocardial infarction. CONCLUSION: The incidence of VTE after RRP is low, possibly related to the use of a mechanical compression device and early aggressive mobilization. Despite the recommendations by some, we feel that routine heparinoid prophylaxis is questionable.     

Randomized controlled trials in pediatric urology: room for improvement

PURPOSE: The primary purpose of this study was to ascertain what proportion of the body of published literature in pediatric urology is represented by randomized controlled trials. The secondary purpose was to assess the quality of these trials. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a predefined strategy, we conducted systematic computerized searches of the MEDLINE (years 1966 to 2004) and EMBASE (1980 to 2004) databases to identify all English language randomized controlled trials related to pediatric urology. Full text versions of identified studies were reviewed in blinded fashion for key demographic, methodological and statistical characteristics. Trial quality was assessed with the previously validated Jadad tool. RESULTS: The 77 identified randomized controlled trials represented only 0.4% to 0.9% of the indexed pediatric urology literature. The origins of these trials were Europe (40%), North America (26%) and a variety of other geographic centers (34%). A primarily surgical focus was present in 43% of the studies. Trials with negative results represented only 19% of the total randomized controlled trials. Generally, the trials were of low to fair quality (median Jadad score 3), with substandard methodological reporting and planning. There was not a significant trend toward improved quality in recent years. Trials from North America and Europe had higher quality (p = 0.007), as did those reporting negative results (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Randomized controlled trials in pediatric urology constitute only a small proportion of the body of published literature in the field. High quality studies are uncommon. Efforts should be made to increase the number of well designed, randomized controlled trials in pediatric urology.