全程营养管理模式在泌尿系统恶性肿瘤手术患者加速康复中的应用

目的 探讨加速康复外科（enhanced recovery after surgery, ERAS）中的营养管理对泌尿系围手术期肿瘤患者康复情况的影响。方法 采用定点连续采样的方法,选取2017年12月—2018年4月同济大学附属第十人民医院泌尿外科收治的泌尿系恶性肿瘤手术患者作为研究对象,依据是否实施ERAS将患者分为实验组（ERAS营养管理）和对照组（传统围手术期管理）。比较两组患者营养风险筛查评分、患者主观整体营养评估评分,术前及术后的血清白蛋白、血红蛋白、前白蛋白、C反应蛋白、血糖浓度和白细胞、淋巴细胞计数、主观舒适度（饥饿感、口渴感、疼痛感、焦虑感）评分,术后恢复经口进食时间、并发症发生情况、营养支持情况、疾病转归情况、住院时间及住院费用。结果 按照纳入标准与排除标准,共收集患者102例,其中实验组57例,对照组45例。与对照组相比,实验组术后血清前白蛋白浓度升高、C反应蛋白浓度降低、手术前后的口渴感及术前焦虑感降低、术后恢复进食时间缩短、疾病转归较好（P＜0.05）。结论 加速康复外科中的营养管理有助于减少泌尿系恶性肿瘤患者手术造成的应激反应、改善主观舒适度、改善术后营养状态及疾病转归情况,从而促进康复。     

Taiwanese Continence Society clinical guidelines for diagnosis and management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction

This article reports the current evidence and expert opinions on diagnosis and management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) in Taiwan. The main problems of NLUTD are failure to store, failure to empty, and combined failure to store and empty. The priority of management of NLUTD should follow the order of: (1) preservation of renal function; (2) freedom from urinary tract infection (UTI); (3) efficient bladder emptying; and (4) freedom from indwelling catheter, and patients' expectation of management should be respected. Management of the urinary tract in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) or multiple sclerosis (MS) must be based on urodynamic findings, rather than inferences from the neurologic evaluation. Selecting high risk patients is important to prevent renal function impairment in patients with chronic NLUTD. Patients with NLUTD should be regularly followed up for their lower urinary tract dysfunction by urodynamic study and any urological complication should be adequately treated. Avoiding a chronic indwelling catheter can reduce the incidence of developing a low compliant bladder. Antimuscarinic agents with clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) may reduce urological complications and improve quality of life (QoL) in patients with NLUTD. Intravesical injection of botulinum toxin A provides an alternative treatment for refractory detrusor overactivity (DO) or low compliant bladder and can replace the need for bladder augmentation. When surgical intervention is necessary, we should consider the least invasive type of surgery and reversible procedure first and avoid any unnecessary surgery of the lower urinary tract. Keeping the bladder and urethra in a good condition without interference of the neuromuscular continuity provides patients with NLUTD a chance for future new technologies. It is most important to never give up on improving the QoL in patients with NLUTD.     

直肠癌根治术中是否切除Denonvilliers筋膜的争议与展望

全直肠系膜切除（TME）是中低位直肠癌手术的金标准。传统的TME手术要求在Denonvilliers筋膜前方解剖并切除Denonvilliers筋膜,然而术后居高不下的排尿及性功能障碍发生率引起国内外学者对该理念的争议及质疑。对中低位直肠癌病人,应施行个体化治疗方案。对于肿瘤不位于直肠前壁及侧壁,或肿瘤局部分期较早的病人,应在保证肿瘤根治性的前提下,选择Denonvilliers筋膜后方施行TME手术,尽可能保留Denonvilliers筋膜的完整性,从而保护盆腔自主神经,避免术后排尿及性功能障碍,提高病人术后生活质量。     

泌尿系统肿瘤PDX模型的构建及应用进展

人源性肿瘤异种移植(human-derived tumor xenografts,PDX)模型能够保留原始肿瘤异质性及肿瘤生长的微环境,与患者肿瘤组织的病理组织学和分子表型相似度高,可以很好地反映患者临床结果,能更准确地预测新型药物的临床疗效,为泌尿系肿瘤(包括肾癌、膀胱癌和前列腺癌等),特别是临床治疗后耐药复发及转移性肿瘤的研究提供可靠的临床前模型。PDX模型在新药研发、生物标志物筛选及个性化治疗等应用中具有重要意义,为实现泌尿肿瘤精准医疗和转化医学研究奠定基础。本文对泌尿系统肿瘤PDX模型的构建及应用进展予以综述。     

Bladder exstrophy: An atypical journey of a rare case of an adult

Bladder exstrophy is a rare and complex malformation. Often associated with diverse deformations, an accurate diagnosis is a must for adequate management. In the African setting, especially in a remote area, delivery rarely occurs within a healthcare structure, thus reducing the chance of an early diagnosis. Due to a low density of specialists, people in rural areas refer to traditional healers for healthcare problems, the thing that delays the time to diagnosis. We report, according to the CARE guidelines (https://www.equator‐network.org/reporting‐guidelines/care/), a case of an 18‐year‐old male patient who was transferred to us for better management of a reddish hypogastric mass leaking urine. Initially considered as a congenital wound, his parents applied traditional products to heal it. Following the poor outcomes, the parents will consult several general physicians; unfortunately, no one gave a clear diagnosis. The clinical examination on admission revealed a good general condition and noted the presence of a reddish, ovoid structure of about 9 centimeters of the minor axis and 11 centimeters of the major axis in the hypogastric region allowing urine to flow in its upper part. The external genitalia examination revealed a retracted and short penis with urine exit at its base through the reddish structure. The patient was transferred outside the country for better management due to a lack of dedicated equipment. Although vesical exstrophy is a rare disease, an early diagnosis allows adequate management and good outcome. Thus, a well‐performed neonatal examination is required to avoid later diagnosis and complications.