椎弓根内固定治疗合并脊髓损伤的胸腰椎骨折

[目的]探讨经后路短节段椎弓根内固定治疗合并脊髓损伤的胸腰椎骨折的临床疗效.[方法]分析本科自1999～2004年应用椎弓根内固定治疗合并脊髓损伤胸腰椎骨折并获完整随访的47例病例资料.通过影像学、神经功能及社会功能来综合评估疗效.[结果]47例患者平均随访51.9月(18～86个月),伤椎前、后缘高度压缩率术前平均43.6%、71.4%,术后平均恢复至92.2%、96.4%,至末次随访时为88.3%、93.1%;Cobb′s角术前平均23.5°,术后矫正至4.3°,末次随访时为8.8°.椎管占位率术前、术后、随访时分别为:62.8%、11.4%、6.2%.脊髓不完全损伤的患者神经功能均有FrankeⅡ级以上的改善,61.7%的患者可继续从事伤前的社会工作.[结论]椎弓根内固定治疗合并脊髓损伤的胸腰椎骨折可重建脊柱稳定性,恢复脊柱正常序列,有利于神经功能恢复和植骨融合.     

Limitations of dorsal transpedicular stabilization in unstable fractures of the lower thoracic and lumbar spine: an analysis of 133 patients

Summary The optimal treatment of thoracic and lumbar fractures remains controversial. While many authors recommend dorsal instrumentation with an internal fixator, others favour an anterior approach. To evaluate the posterior approach and to identify conditions under which an anterior approach should be preferred, 133 patients with unstable thoracic and lumbar fractures of the spine who underwent dorsal instrumentation with an internal fixator were analyzed. Clinical data were recorded prospectively with respect to fracture type, neurological findings, operative complications, spinal deformation correction, and long-term outcome. All fractures were located between the 7^th thoracic and the 5^th lumbar vertebrae and were considered to be unstable with respect to the three column model. Seventy-six patients (57%) received surgery within the first seven days after the trauma. Postoperatively, 98% of patients with a radicular lesion or an incomplete transverse syndrome (47 patients, 35%) improved. Stable fracture consolidation after fixator removal was obtained in 98% (130 of 133 patients). The preoperative kyphosis angle decreased from an average of 10.1° to 7.4° at the three year follow up. Major operative complications consisted of two isolated nerve root lesions (1.5%), two deep wound infections with need of fixator removal (1.5%), and mallocation of two pedicle screws with need for another procedure in two patients (1.5%). Three patients (2%) suffered from insufficient bony fusion with increase of kyphotic deformation and required subsequent anterior stabilization. These three patients presented with an initial kyphosis or wedge angle of 20° or higher. In conclusion, dorsal stabilization with the internal fixator is a safe and reliable treatment for unstable fractures of the lower thoracic and lumbar spine. The authors recommend this procedure because of its low-invasiveness in conjunction with satisfactory reconstruction and stabilization. However, an anterior approach should be considered in fractures with initial kyphotic deformation or wedge angle of 20 or more degrees.     

Dick钉在矫治脊柱后凸中的应用

本文报告用Dick钉配合经椎弓根惟体截骨方法治疗强直性脊柱炎驼背畸形病人11例,驼背度数45～120°,平均78°。椎体截骨矫正30～70°,平均矫正47.54°,优良率达90％。11例病人共打椎弓根钉44枚,除一枚螺钉打入椎间隙外,其余均成功,成功率达97.9％。经7个月～3年随访,无螺钉断裂、脱出、无畸形复发,疗效优良。     

胸腰椎骨折伤椎置钉固定的疗效观察

目的比较经伤椎置钉与跨伤椎置钉内固定技术治疗胸腰椎骨折的临床效果。方法对82例胸腰椎骨折患者分别采用伤椎置钉内固定(A组,42例)和跨节段椎弓根螺钉内固定(B组,40例)治疗。观察两组椎体高度矫正率、Cobb角矫正率及Oswestry功能障碍指数、内固定失败率等项临床指标。结果患者均获随访,时间6个月~2年。A组在椎体高度矫正率、Cobb角矫正率、Oswestry功能障碍指数、内固定失败率方面均优于B组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论两种置钉内固定技术对治疗胸腰椎骨折均有效,经伤椎置钉内固定术的疗效更好、更持久。     

经伤椎椎弓根内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折简

目的观察经伤椎椎弓根内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂骨折的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2011年12月在我院手术治疗的19例胸腰椎爆裂性骨折的临床资料,所有患者均采用经伤椎椎弓根内固定治疗,其中男性14例,女性5例,年龄23～58岁,平均（33．5±6．0）岁。骨折部位：T11 2例,L21例,T127例,L17例,T12-L1联合伤2例。术前、术后6个月及术后12个月均行X线及CT检查,分别测定伤椎前缘高度、矢状面Cobb角,进行疗效评估。结果患者手术均顺利完成,切口全部I期愈合,且均获得12个月随访。术后6个月及术后12个月伤椎前缘高度、矢状面Cobb角与术前相比,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,术后6个月与术后12个月相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论经伤椎椎弓根内固定治疗胸腰椎爆裂性骨折是临床上行之有效的方法。     

Surgical treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis in the lumbar spine: No reposition without prior decompression

Summary In the present note, the cause of root compression in cases with degenerative lumbar Spondylolisthesis is discussed in order to clarify the best method of surgery and to avoid iatrogem'c damage of the cauda equina if a transpedicular fusion is going to be performed. The root compression is due to osteophytes growing out from the upper articular facets and from the upper ridge of the lamina of the lower vertebra.Therefore, the repositioning of the anteriorly displaced vertebra by the instrumentation could lead to the squeezing of the cauda equina between the withdrawn vertebral body and the degeneratively enlarged and hypertrophic facet joints of the lower vertebra. The reposition (even if incomplete) must always be preceded by decompression on both sides, even if radicular complaints are unilateral.     

颈椎椎弓根与其周围神经结构的解剖学关系

目的　确定颈椎弓根与其周围神经根及硬膜囊结构的解剖学关系。方法　 2 0具尸体标本后侧冠状面经椎弓根切开 ,观察测量颈椎弓根与其附近神经根及硬膜囊的关系。去除标本后侧的棘突 ,椎板及侧块 ,显露颈椎3～ 7椎弓根之峡部 ,神经根及硬膜囊 ,直接测量椎弓根上下缘及其内侧缘到神经根及硬膜囊之间的距离 ;同时 ,对椎弓根峡部的高度、宽度也予以测量。结果　颈3～ 7椎弓根与其上侧方之神经根及其内侧硬膜囊之间没有间隙。椎弓根与其下方之神经根之间的距离为 1.4～ 1.6mm ,椎弓根高度和宽度分别为 6 .0～ 6 .5mm和 4 .7～ 5 .3mm。男女之间椎弓根的高度具有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 0 1) ,而其宽度在颈4和颈6也有差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　椎弓根螺钉穿破其上侧皮质及内侧皮质容易导致神经损伤 ,而穿破下侧皮质则较少见     

内镜辅助下经皮椎弓根螺钉固定术治疗胸腰椎骨折

目的试图在显微内镜下椎间盘切除系统(MED系统)的辅助下,探索一种新的经皮椎弓根螺钉固定方法治疗胸腰椎骨折。方法共给13例L1和T12爆裂型骨折进行了治疗。先在内镜下置入椎弓根螺钉,然后改用自制的半管状微型拉钩暴露螺钉钉头,分离椎旁肌后装上连接杆复位,并在镜下进行减压和椎体内植骨。结果平均手术时间110min,平均出血量120mL。术后无须注射镇痛治疗。后突角度平均由术前的32°降为术后3°。高度丢失由术前的47%失变为术后的15%。术后腰背痛消失,未出现并发症。随访期间内固定可靠,无松动。平均骨折愈合时间为5个月。结论该手术有如下优点:技术安全、简单;骨折复位满意,内固定可靠;术中血量少,术后疼痛轻微;且无须从髂骨取骨。     

后路椎弓根钉治疗伴有脊髓损伤的多节段胸腰椎骨折

目的探讨后路椎弓根钉固定治疗伴有脊髓损伤的多节段胸腰椎骨折（multiple—level spinal fracture,MSF）的临床疗效。方法2005年8月至2010年2月,收治18例伴有脊髓损伤的MSF患者,男12例,女6例,年龄20～56岁,平均37岁。其中Ⅰ型（相邻型）10例,Ⅱ型（非相邻型）8例。脊髓损伤按AsIA分级,A级、B级各2例,C级5例,D级9例。18例多节段胸腰椎骨折患者经后路切开复位、椎弓根内固定、椎板减压及后外侧植骨融合治疗,所有患者均于术前、术后、内固定取出前、后拍摄脊柱正侧位x线片和CT片。结果所有病例随访14～30个月,平均随访18个月,术后无内固定物松动、断裂,无继发性脊柱后凸畸形加重,脊髓损伤均有不同程度恢复。结论后路椎弓根固定联合椎板减压能有效恢复椎体高度、重建脊柱稳定性、促进脊髓神经功能恢复,具有手术创伤小、患者术后恢复快等优点,是治疗MSF并脊髓神经损伤的理想方法之一。