床旁多普勒超声引导下经皮气管切开术在重症脑出血患者中的应用

目的探讨床旁多普勒超声引导下经皮气管切开术（PDT）在重症脑出血患者中的应用价值。方法选取2014年1月—2019年4月南方医科大学附属小榄医院重症医学科监护治疗的重症脑出血患者126例,在ICU床旁采用超声引导下行PDT。术前采用超声进行检查,明确气管位置、周围组织及血管情况,确定穿刺部位及深度,指导术前气管导管退管。术中实时超声引导,确保手术安全。术后超声确认气管切开套管位置,筛查排除气胸等相关并发症。观察操作时间（从皮肤穿刺到成功置入气管套管时间）、一针穿刺成功率、置管成功率、气管插管意外脱管率;观察术中及术后并发症：出血量、血管/甲状腺损伤、气管后壁损伤、皮下气肿、气胸、低氧血症发生率等。结果126例患者手术均一次操作成功,一针穿刺成功率及置管成功率均为100%,未发生气管插管意外脱管。操作时间5~12 min,平均操作时间7.5 min。术中及术后未发生难以控制的大出血、严重低氧血症、血管/甲状腺损伤、气管后壁损伤、皮下气肿及气胸等并发症。结论对重症脑出血患者行床旁实时超声引导下行PDT,提高了手术的可视性、操作性和安全性,提高PDT成功率,降低相关并发症,具有良好的临床价值。     

气管切开与非气管切开患者肺部感染病原菌分布及耐药率比较分析

目的 探讨气管切开与非气管切开患者肺部感染的病原菌分布及耐药率。方法 收集2014年1~12月中国人民解放军海军总医院高压氧科气管切开与非气管切开肺部感染患者的送检痰标本,采用法国梅里埃全自动微生物分析仪进行菌种鉴定和药物敏感性试验,对其病原菌分布及耐药率进行比较。结果 气管切开患者的肺部感染检出病原菌前10位依次为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、奇异变形杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、黏质沙雷菌、大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色假丝酵母菌、表皮葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌,分别占25.3%、13.8%、12.8%、11.7%、11.1%、8.2%、5.9%、5.6%、1.7%和1.5%;非气管切开患者的检出病原菌前10位依次为鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、白色假丝酵母菌、溶血葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、恶臭假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌、热带假丝酵母菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌,分别占21.1%、20.5%、15.1%、12.9%、6.0%、5.8%、4.7%、4.1%、3.3%和3.3%。铜绿假单胞菌在气管切开患者中对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较为敏感,而在非气管切开患者中对多黏菌素B较为敏感,耐药率都小于25.0%;所有患者均出现耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌(IRPA)。鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率均较高,但在气管切开患者中,阿米卡星、多黏菌素B、左氧氟沙星的耐药率稍低。气管切开与非气管切开患者中真菌感染均以白色假丝酵母菌居首位,但非气管切开患者中真菌类型和感染率较高。结论 气管切开与非气管切开患者的肺部感染病原菌分布和耐药率有明显区别,临床应根据药敏合理使用抗菌药物,加强呼吸道管理,防止医院感染,以利于肺部感染控制。     

气管切开病人吸痰方法的改进

目的对45例气管切开病人的吸痰方法进行改进。方法将45例气管切开病人随机分为常规组（20例）,采用持续负压吸引的吸痰方法;试验组（25例）,吸痰过程中结合应用阻断或解除负压的方法。观察两种吸痰方法对气管黏膜损伤的影响。结果试验组吸痰方法明显优于常规组,有显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论对气管切开病人在吸痰中结合应用阻断或解除负压的方法对气管黏膜的损伤较小。     

颅脑损伤气管切开术后两种气道湿化方法疗效观察

目的 寻求有效湿化气道的方法，以降低颅脑损伤气管切开术后呼吸道感染的发生率。方法 对颅脑损伤气管切开术后的60名患者进行随机分组，比较滴药、雾化交替法和单纯滴药法湿化气道的效果。结果 滴药、雾化交替法每24h所需湿化液的量约是单纯滴药法的4．5倍；前者PaO2升高、体温控制、痰量减少、痰培养及胸片结果均显著优于后者。结论 颅脑损伤气管切开术后采用滴药、雾化交替法比单纯滴药法更有利于患者痰液的排出、提高血氧分压，有效地预防呼吸道感染的发生。     

吸入性损伤及气管切开术前后的预见性护理

目的 总结吸入性损伤气管切开术后的护理.方法 对37例吸入性损伤患者在气管切开前、后及拔管时、拔管后进行预见性护理.结果 本组严重烧伤并发吸入性损伤患者37例中,治愈34例,转院2例,死亡1例.结论 对吸入性损伤患者进行预见性护理可为临床诊疗提供重要信息,减少并发症的发生.     

气管切开病人行碳酸氢钠联合氨溴索气道湿化的效果观察

[目的]探讨气管切开病人行碳酸氢钠联合氨溴索气道湿化的效果。[方法]用简单随机抽样法抽取气管切开病人52例,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各26例。观察组采用微量注射泵推注1.25%碳酸氢钠持续气道湿化联合氨溴索雾化吸入,对照组采用微量注射泵推注0.45%氯化钠溶液持续气道湿化联合糜蛋白酶雾化吸入。湿化7d后比较两组病人痰液黏稠程度及气道湿化并发症发生率。[结果]观察组痰液黏稠程度明显低于对照组（χ^2=6.93,P〈0.01）;观察组肺部感染发生率为15.4%,低于对照组的42.3%,两组比较差异有统计学意义（χ^2=4.59,P〈0.05）。[结论]气管切开病人行碳酸氢钠持续气道湿化联合氨溴索雾化吸入,能有效降低痰液黏稠度,减少气道湿化并发症的发生率。     

A Randomized Trial Comparing Two Cuffed Emergency Cricothyrotomy Devices Using a Wire-Guided and a Catheter-Over-Needle Technique

Background: According to different algorithms of airway management, emergency cricothyrotomy is the final step in managing the otherwise inaccessible airway. As an alternative to an open surgical procedure, minimally invasive approaches exist. Various sets for different methods are commercially available. QuickTrach™ (VBM Medizintechnik GmbH, Sulz am Neckar, Germany) contains a plastic cannula over a metal needle for direct placement in the trachea, whereas a guide-wire is used for the actual placement of the cannula in the Melker Set™ (Cook Group Incorporated, Bloomington, IN). Objective: We hypothesize that the direct puncture involving less discrete steps is faster to perform. However, it will lead to more complications due to the higher force needed to place the relatively thick needle. Method: After approval of the local ethics committee, the study was performed on cadavers of 16 adult sheep. A wire-guided cricothyrotomy was compared with a catheter-over-needle technique. Successful placement and performance time were compared. Complication rate and maximal achieved airway pressure were evaluated. Data is given as mean and interquartile range, and Mann-Whitney U-test (p < 0.05) for significant differences. Results: With the wire-guided technique, successful placement was possible in all attempts. The catheter-over-needle method was successful in 63% and had a higher complication rate (75% vs. 13%). The cannula-over-needle method allowed a faster cricothyrotomy (32 [2–34] vs. 53 [52–56] s). Both methods allowed the delivery of similar maximal airway pressures (50 [44–51] vs. 48 [43–53] mbar). Conclusion: The wire-guided method proved to be the more reliable technique, leading to fewer complications. However, the direct puncture was faster to perform. Placed accurately, both devices allowed sufficient ventilation.     

人工气道持续氧雾化湿化的临床应用研究

[目的]观察持续氧雾化人工气道湿化在重型颅脑损伤、脑出血行气管切开病人中的临床应用效果。[方法]将92例重型颅脑损伤、脑出血行气管切开、气管插管病人随机分为观察组和对照组,每组46例,观察组采用持续氧雾化温化法和对照组采用持续滴注湿化法。观察并比较两组病人气道湿化效果。[结果]观察组病人痰液黏稠度明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）;观察组气道湿化并发症发生率（包括刺激性咳嗽、痰栓形成、气道黏膜损伤出血、肺部感染）明显低于对照组（P〈0．05）;与对照组比较,观察组病人血氧分压（PaO2）、血氧饱和度（SaO2）明显升高,心率、呼吸频率明显减慢（P〈0．05）。[结论]持续氧雾化人工气道湿化能安全、有效地提高重型颅脑损伤、脑出血行气管切开、气管插管病人的气道湿化效果。     

Effect of Timing of Tracheotomy on Clinical Outcomes:an Update Meta-analysis Including 11 Trials

Objective To estimate the relative effect of early vs. late tracheotomy on clinical end-points in unselected intensive care unit （ICU） patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. Methods We searched electronic databases （up to February 27, 2013） for both randomized control trials and observational studies satisfying the predefined inclusion criteria.