吸毒人员庚型肝炎病毒感染与吸毒方式、性行为特点关系的研究

目的了解吸毒人员庚型肝炎病毒(HGV)感染状况与吸毒方式、性行为特点的关系.方法采用现况研究,通过整群抽样,随机抽取某男性戒毒所和某女性戒毒所中的吸毒人员,以问卷的方式调查吸毒人员595名,收集有关的资料并采集血标本,用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测血清中HGV抗体(IgG),采用Chi-square检验对数据进行统计分析.结果吸毒人员HGV感染率为8.7%;注射吸毒组与非注射吸毒组HGV感染率分别为9.59%和7.39%,两组间HGV感染率差异无显著性(P＞0.05);有婚外性行为和无婚外性行为的吸毒人员HGV感染率分别为8.8%和8.6%,两者差异无显著性(P＞0.05);不同性伙伴个数HGV感染率无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论吸毒人员是感染HGV的高危人群,吸毒方式、性行为特点与HGV感染无显著相关,而吸毒造成机体免疫力低下以及吸毒对身体的损害可能是HGV感染的主要原因.     

不同方式滥用海洛因依赖者HAV、HBV和HCV感染情况分析

目的·· :了解滥用海洛因方式对HAV、HBV及HCV感染率的影响。方法·· :采用放射免疫分析法和酶联免疫吸附分析法对386例海洛因依赖者的血清进行检测,并对检测数据进行统计分析。结果·· :肌肉注射 +静脉注射、烫吸 +肌肉注射、烫吸 +静脉注射和烫吸4种方式滥用海洛因的HAV的感染率均为0,含静脉注射滥用方式导致的HBV、HCV感染率显著高于不含静脉注射滥用方式的,烫吸 +肌肉注射与烫吸两种滥用方式者中HBV和HCV的感染率差异无显著性。结论·· :静脉注射海洛因会导致HBV、HCV感染率增高。     

Pharmacokinetic comparison of intravenous and intranasal administration of oxycodone

Background: For patients with chronic pain, treatment with oral analgesics is considered most convenient and feasible. Sometimes, however, the oral route cannot be used because of difficulties with swallowing, nausea, vomiting and gastrointestinal obstruction. To investigate the applicability of the nasal route for the administration of oxycodone, we studied the intravenous and intranasal pharmacokinetics of oxycodone in healthy volunteers.
Methods: Ten healthy volunteers (3 males and 7 females) were given either an intravenous bolus of oxycodone hydro-chloride 0.05mg/kg or nasal sprays of oxycodone hydrochlo-ride 0.lmg/kg in a cross-over manner. Blood was sampled and subjective effects and side effects were recorded for 10 h.
Results: After intravenous administration of oxycodone, the plasma clearance of oxycodone was 0.83±0.33 l/min (mean ±SD) and the volume of distribution at steady-state 2.02±1.47 1/kg and the terminal elimination half-life 157±47 min. After intranasal administration, peak plasma concentration of oxycodone was 13±6ng/ ml and it was reached in the median time of 25 min. The intranasal bioavailability of oxycodone was 0.46±l.34. No clinically significant changes in blood pressure or heart rate were observed but all subjects experienced somnolence after both modes of administration.
Conclusions: The results of this study show that oxycodone is rapidly and rather effectively absorbed from the nasal mucosa but the interindividual differences are large. The intranasal route may in some cases be an attractive alternative to oral or parenteral administration of opioid analgesics. However, because of large interindividual differences, it is prudent to titrate the dose of intranasal oxycodone individually.     

Morphology of pancreatic microcirculation in the monkey: Light and scanning electron microscopic study

The morphology of the microcirculation of the pancreas in 20 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts and light microscopy (LM) of China ink-injected/cleared tissues. The principal results were that (1) insulo-acinar portal vessels were found between the endocrine and exocrine parts in the pancreas. The blood flows from the endocrine to the exocrine part. (2) Depending on the different microvascular arrangement, there were two patterns of microcirculation in the islet: in 66% of islets the direction of microcirculation was from cortex to core, and in 44% from core to cortex. (3) Islets could be categorized in three classes on the basis of size: the small islets (40–100 μU in diameter), the intermediate islets (101-240 μU in diameter), and the large islets (241–340 μm in diameter). (4) Insulo-insular portal routes were observed in the pancreas of the monkey. Some intermediate or large islets were connected to an adjacent small islet by one or two, occasionally more, efferent vessels. These small islets received no arterial branch and were entirely supplied by the portal vessels-the efferent vessels of intermediate or large islets. The authors suggest this new pattern to be termed the insulo-insular portal system. (5) A single centrally located intralobular artery as the exclusive vessel supplied each pancreatic lobule of the monkey, there being no anastomosis between the intralobular arteries and any of their branches. This anatomic feature might be the morphological basis of the pancreatic microcirculatory disturbance and microvascular impairment occurring during acute pancreatitis. The functional and clinical significance of pancreatic microcirculation are discussed in the paper. © 1995 WiIey-Liss, Inc.     

Influence of the route of administration on the pharmacokinetics of amikacin

Summary The pharmacokinetics of amikacin was studied in 17 hospitalized patients with normal renal function (creatinine clearance greater than 90 ml/min), after the administration of a single dose of 7.5 mg/kg body weight. In 10 patients the antibiotic was administered intravenously and in the other 7 it was injected intramuscularly. After i. v. administration, the antibiotic followed an open two-compartment kinetic model, and after i. m. administration it followed a single compartment kinetic model. The route of administration did not significantly modify the pharmacokinetic parameters of amikacin. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic parameters thus established, an intravenous infusion for therapeutic use should have an administration rate of 2.5 [mg/kg/h] and a duration of 6 h.     

Aggressive Kaposi's sarcoma in a 6-month-old African infant: case report and review of the literature

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), known to exist in Africa for a century now, was rare in children and unknown in the newborn. With the onset of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, a more aggressive, disseminated type of KS (AKS) was recognized. Recently KS was diagnosed in a 6-month-old infant in Tanzania. Data support the notion that HHSV8 infectivity can be potentiated with HIV infection and thus produce multiple lesions in different anatomical sites early in life. Furthermore, the available evidence would suggest a nonsexual route of HHSV8 infection, possibly from mother to fetus.     

依前列醇不同途径给药对急性呼吸窘迫综合征临床疗效研究

目的:观察依前列醇(PGI2)两种途径给药治疗急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)的疗效。方法:40例ARDS患者随机分成PGI2持续静脉泵入和雾化吸入两组,同时辅以呼吸机机械通气等综合治疗。结果两组动脉血气氧分压(PaO2)、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)均能明显改善,肺动脉压(PAP)、肺循环阻力(PVR)和肺泡-动脉氧分压差(PA-aO2)均显著降低,静脉泵入组体循环阻力(SVR)下降明显,而雾化吸入组下降不明显,在改善肺内分流量(QS/QT)方面雾化吸入明显优于静脉泵入组。结论雾化吸入PGI2能显著提高ARDS患者PaO2/FiO2,显著降低其PVR、PA-aO2和QS/QT,且不影响体循环。     

Innovative therapeutics: from molecules to medicines

The Socrates Intensive Programme offers annual courses focusing on the specific aspects of innovative therapeutics. The 2004 meeting was coordinated by the University of Parma and covered various subjects in the field of advanced drug delivery and pharmaceutical technology, including sessions on biopharmaceutics, pharmacokinetics, polymers, oral delivery, colloidal vectors, peptide and protein delivery, vaccines, oligonucleotide delivery, gene delivery, non-conventional routes of administration, and a graduate student symposium. The meeting had a highly interactive character and provided a unique opportunity for young scientists to present and discuss their work in an international setting.     

An exploration of alcohol use severity and route of drug administration among persons that use heroin and cocaine

ABSTRACT

Background: Alcohol use is prevalent among populations of persons that use illicit drugs. Problematic alcohol use among persons that use heroin and cocaine has been associated with poor treatment adherence, abstinence maintenance, and mental health concerns. Fully exploring how alcohol use severity interacts with route of administration (ROA) may be of notable importance in development of treatment protocols for persons that use heroin and cocaine. Methods: Data from a neurological and sociobehavioral assessment of risk factors among injection and noninjection drug users known as the NEURO-HIV Epidemiologic Study was used in the analyses. Participants (N = 551) included those who reported their level of past-30-day alcohol use and past-6-month heroin and cocaine use. Results: Multiple logistic regression analyses found that both problematic and moderate alcohol users were significantly less likely than abstainers to report injecting heroin and cocaine. Both problematic and moderate alcohol users were significantly more likely than abstainers to snort substances. Conclusions: Alcohol use may play a role in promoting or impeding the use of substances through certain ROAs. Treatment protocols that transition persons that use injection heroin and cocaine to noninjection use of these substances may be used in conjunction with treatments that reduce alcohol consumption as a means to reduce noninjection drug use.