急性发作期哮喘患儿诱导痰中白细胞介素-5水平变化及其临床意义

目的：观察急性发作期哮喘患儿诱导痰中白细胞介素-5(IL -5)水平变化及其与哮喘发作期病情分度的关系，探讨其在哮喘发病机制中的作用和在临床诊治中的意义。方法：按随机分层设计，65例急性发作期哮喘患儿被分为 轻、中、重度发作组，34例健康儿童作为对照组。采用超声雾化高渗盐水诱导痰液，以酶联 免疫法(ELISA)测定诱导痰中IL5水平，同时进行诱导痰中嗜酸细胞(EOS)计数，测定用力 呼气比值(FEV-1)。结果：哮喘急性发作期患儿诱导痰中EOS计数、IL-5 水平均高于健康儿童组，FEV-1则低于健康儿童组，差异均具有显著性(P 0.05)；而IL-5水平随发作程度的加重而明显升高，轻、中、重度发作各组间两两比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05)；重度哮喘患儿FEV-1低于轻、中度哮喘(P<0.05) 。痰液中IL-5水平与EOS计数之间呈显著正相关(r=0.482，P<0.05)，与F EV-1值之间呈显著负相关(r=-0.647，P<0.01)。结论：诱导痰中IL-5水平可能较EOS计数更能准确反映哮喘患儿气道炎症和哮喘发作时的病情程度，可以作为临床评价哮喘病情和药物疗效的准确灵敏的指标。     

Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in gastric aspirate and sputum collected from Ethiopian HIV-positive and HIV-negative children in a mixed in- and outpatient setting

AIM: To investigate, through a prospective study, the detection rate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputa and gastric aspirate from tuberculous children in a low-income country with high prevalence of tuberculosis and an increasing HIV epidemic. METHODS: Gastric aspirates and/or sputum samples were collected from 355 children with pulmonary tuberculosis as follows: from 136 children under 5 y only gastric aspirate was taken, for 159 children aged 5 to 9 y both methods were used, and for 60 children over 10 y only sputum was analysed. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was based on clinical data, tuberculin test and chest radiography. All children were tested for HIV infection. RESULTS: Direct microscopy for acid-fast bacilli was positive for 55 (15%) and mycobacterial culture for 183 (52%) children. The proportion of positive cultures was similar in all age groups. Among the 5 to 9 year-old children who could produce a sputum sample, sputum gave just as good culture yield of M. tuberculosis as gastric aspirate. Of the clinical or radiological findings only weight loss was associated with a higher yield. Repeat gastric aspirate increased the culture yield by 6%. Mycobacterial culture from HIV-positive children gave lower yield compared with HIV-negative children. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that one gastric aspirate for children less than 6 y and three sputum samples for the older children collected at an outpatient TB clinic, is enough to provide a close to 50% yield of M. tuberculosis available for culture and further analyses. However, with an increasing prevalence of HIV, this detection rate may be reduced.     

超短波治疗对COPD患者诱导痰炎症介质的影响

目的:研究超短波对COPD患者气道炎症及肺通气功能的影响并探讨其作用机理.方法:将74例急性发作期COPD患者分为超短波治疗组42例和对照组32例.超短波治疗组除常规治疗外行超短波治疗10～14天,对照组行常规治疗.两组患者均在治疗前后分别检测诱导痰液中白介素8(IL-8)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)以及肺通气功能指标用力肺活量(FVC)、一秒时间肺活量(FEV1.0).结果:与对照组比较,超短波治疗组治疗后痰液IL-8、TNF-α均显著降低(P＜0.05),FVC%pred、FEV1.0%pred明显升高(P＜0.05).IL-8含量与FEV1.0呈显著负相关(r=-0.88,P＜0.05),TNF-α含量与FEV1.0呈负相关(r=-0.75,P＜0.05).结论:超短波辅助治疗COPD具有减轻气道炎症、提高肺通气功能的作用.     

人体心脏舒张最大吸力的模拟实验研究

目的:模拟研究人体心脏舒张早期潜存的心室最大负压.材料与方法:先在血液循环体外模拟装置上模拟正常生理情况下的左、右心室心动周期压力曲线,然后近似阻断房室瓣,分别测定左、右心室压力.结果:模拟实验得到的左、右心室心动周期压力曲线和正常生理情况下的左、右心室心动周期压力曲线非常接近.近似阻断房室瓣时,左、右心室舒张的负压平均值分别是-93.25 mmHg(-12.43 kPa)和-10.28 mmHg(-1.37 kPa).结论:(1)模拟得到的实验结果可以定性地说人体心脏舒张和静脉血液回流心生物动力学关系;(2)心脏舒张时心室压力的减低(负压)是形成静脉-心房-心室压力梯度的根本原因,心脏舒张所产生的舒张吸力是静脉血液回流心室的主要动力,即静脉血液回流心脏是心脏舒张吸力作用的结果;(3)心脏前负荷产生的机理应该是心脏舒张抽吸静脉血液回流心脏所需的吸力;(4)静脉血液在被抽吸回流心室腔的过程中对心室肌没有伸展作用,即Starling心定律没有心脏舒张动力学基础.     

Characterization of a population of small macrophages in induced sputum of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and healthy volunteers

The inflammatory process in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is active mainly in the airways, but little is known about the properties of the inflammatory cells in this compartment. We have studied leucocytes in induced sputum of COPD patients compared to controls in order to uncover what types of macrophages might be involved in the disease. Sputum induction was performed by inhalation of nebulized sodium chloride solution. Leucocytes were isolated and stained with specific monoclonal antibodies for analysis in flow cytometry. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that a major portion of CD14+ macrophages in COPD has lower forward scatter, i.e. they are small macrophages. While in control donors these small macrophages accounted for 6.9% of all macrophages, the percentage of these cells in COPD was 45.7%. CD14 and HLA-DR expression was high on these small sputum macrophages while the large sputum macrophages expressed only low levels of these surface molecules, both in control donors and COPD patients. Small sputum macrophages of both control donors and COPD patients showed higher levels of constitutive tumour necrosis factor (TNF) compared to the large macrophages. TNF was inducible by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preferentially in the small sputum macrophages in the control donors but there was no further induction in COPD patients. These data show that the small sputum macrophages are a major macrophage population in COPD and that these cells exhibit features of highly active inflammatory cells and may therefore be instrumental in airway inflammation in COPD.     

机械通气气管插管吸痰方法探讨

目的探讨不同的吸痰方法,从而有效地清除气管插管患者的呼吸道分泌物。方法对47例气管插管病人均采用常规法和呛咳法两种方法吸痰,呛咳法要求:吸痰管带负压进入气管插管,随吸痰管插入深度调节负压,适时安全吸痰,适度气道湿化。常规法按临床一般方法进行吸痰。将两种方法吸出的痰量,痰液性状及吸痰前后20min血氧饱和度(SpO2)进行比较。结果两种方法在吸出的痰量,痰液性状和SpO2方面存在着显著差异(P<0.05,P<0.01),呛咳法吸出的痰多且粘稠。吸痰后SpO2明显高于吸痰前和常规法。结论呛咳法吸痰能充分吸出气道深部的痰液,可以有效防止气道阻塞,改善通气功能。     

Induced sputum and bronchial mucosal expression of interleukin-13 is not increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background:  The Th2 cytokine interleukin-13 (IL-13) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We sought to examine IL-13 expression in COPD subjects in induced sputum and bronchus specimens. We hypothesized that inflammatory cells expressing IL-13 localize to the airway smooth muscle bundle and bronchial glands.
Methods:  Interleukin-13 was measured in sputum samples from subjects with COPD ( n  = 34) across a range of severity (Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2–4) and controls ( n  = 14) using ELISA. IL-13+ cells and inflammatory cells were enumerated within surgically resected proximal airway using immunohistochemical techniques from subjects with COPD ( n  = 10), smoking ( n  = 10) and nonsmoking controls ( n  = 8).
Results:  Sputum IL-13 was measurable in only 6/34 subjects with COPD and was not found in the smoking or nonsmoking control subjects. In subjects with COPD and controls there was a paucity of IL-13+ cells. The distribution of inflammatory cells within different airway compartments was similar in COPD and controls except for an increase in CD3⁺ lymphocytes within bronchial glands in COPD ( P  = 0.04).
Conclusions:  Our findings do not support a role for IL-13 in COPD. However, the tissue localization of inflammatory cells to airway compartments, particularly the increase of T cells in glands in COPD may be important in disease.     

新型吸痰方法在小儿肺炎的应用效果分析

目的分析新型吸痰护理在小儿肺炎的应用效果,为临床护理提供一定的理论依据。方法临床人选122例肺炎患儿,按照随机数字方法分成对照组和观察组,每组61例,其中对照组予以传统的口腔吸痰护理方法,而观察组予以气管内吸痰方法,比较分析两组患儿的相关临床资料和治疗效果。结果经过吸痰护理后,观察组的呼吸频率和心率较对照组明显降低（P〈0．05）,同时观察组的血氧饱和度较对照组也明显改善（P〈0．05）;与对照组相比较,观察组患儿在呼吸急促、烦躁不安、呛咳以及粘膜损伤等吸痰相关副作用方面的发生率明显减少（P〈0．05）;同时,对照组有效者32例（52．46％）,观察组有效者57例（93．44％）,两组相比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论间歇性拍背和气管内吸痰的新型护理方法具有副作用小、操作简易、排痰效果显著等优点,值得在临床推广应用。     

气管插管冲洗治疗胎粪吸入综合征44例

目的观察气管插管冲洗治疗胎粪吸入综合征40例的临床疗效。方法回顾分析胎粪吸入综合征（MAS）79例。其中气管插管冲洗40例为治疗组;无气道插管冲洗39例为对照组。观察两组的疗效。治疗组除在头及全身娩出后各进行一次口、鼻、咽部清吸外,要在15-20s内完成清吸、刺激、供氧等措施。后治疗组予以气管插管用0.5ml生理盐水反复冲洗至液体变清为止。结果①血气分析中：两组在0-3h的各项数值无显著性差异;但在4-24h的数值（除pH、PCO2外）PO2、Pao2a/A之间均有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。②治疗组较对照组在治愈率、上机人数率、合并症率、死亡率的比较有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。③治疗组较对照组可缩短治愈患儿住院天数,两组之间有显著性差异（P〈0.05）。结论对有粘稠胎粪、合并窒息、产前有导致窒息的高危因素的胎儿于吸净气管内分泌物后立即气管插管予以气道冲洗,可以减少胎粪吸入综合征的发生率。