基于JBI模式的护理干预对感染性休克患儿的影响

目的:探讨采用基于JBI模式的护理干预对感染性休克患儿的影响。方法:按照入院时间将2017年11月—2018年10月医院收治的46例患儿作为对照组,将2018年11月—2019年10月医院收治的52例患儿作为观察组,对照组实施常规护理,观察组在常规护理的基础上给予JBI模式下的护理干预,通过证据生成—证据综合—证据传播—证据应用4个步骤生成小儿感染性休克护理流程,根据证据优先级别实施改进后的感染性休克患儿护理措施。比较两组患儿重症监护室(ICU)住院时间、抢救成功率、并发症发生率与病死率。结果:观察组抢救成功率明显高于对照组,并发症发生率与病死率明显低于对照组,ICU住院时间短于对照组,经比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:基于JBI模式的护理干预能提高感染性休克患儿的救治效果,减少并发症的发生,缩短ICU住院时间。     

血presepsin对脓毒症诊断及病情判断的临床价值

目的探讨血可溶性白细胞分化抗原14亚型(sCD14-ST,presepsin)水平对脓毒症的诊断和病情判断的意义。方法对脓毒症患者72例、非感染全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS)患者23例、体检健康者20例,进行前瞻性研究。分别检测其入院时血presepsin、血清降钙素原(PCT)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、乳酸(lactate)水平,WBC计数等,根据患者入院24 h内最差临床指标计算急性生理和慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ),比较各组上述指标的差异。绘制ROC曲线并计算曲线下面积,比较各指标对脓毒症诊断的价值。根据患者病原体培养结果,对脓毒症患者分组,进行临床资料比较。根据疾病严重程度分组,比较各临床指标对脓毒症疾病严重程度的判断价值。结果脓毒症患者presepsin、PCT、CRP、WBC均明显高于健康人对照组及非感染SIRS组(P0.05)。presepsin的ROC曲线下面积(AUCROC)为0.975,以407 pg/mL为临界值,诊断脓毒症的敏感性为98.6%,特异性为90.7%。PCT、CRP、WBC的AUCROC分别为0.881、0.875和0.799。脓毒症革兰阳性菌感染组、革兰阴性菌感染组、细菌合并真菌感染组、真菌感染组的presepsin、PCT、CRP、WBC差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。脓毒症组、严重脓毒症组和脓毒性休克组presepsin水平逐渐升高,各组间比较有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 presepsin可作为脓毒症早期诊断的标志物之一,对脓毒症病情严重程度的判断有重要价值。     

羟乙基淀粉和林格液对感染性休克犬内脏器官灌注的影响

目的 探讨感染性休克时复苏液体对内脏器官灌注的影响。方法 用指多糖(LPS)静脉注射复 制犬感染性休克模型,随机分为羟乙基淀粉(HES)组和林格液(RS)复苏组。模型成功后稳定1 h记为0 min, 分别予以HES和RS复苏60 min(1 ml·kg-1·min-1),然后以同等速度输入生理盐水维持180 min。经肺动 脉漂浮导管和脉搏指示持续心排血量(PiCCO)导管监测心排血量(CO)、中心静脉压(CVP)、肺动脉楔压 (PAWP),胸腔内血管容量(ITBVI),平均动脉压(MAP)等血流动力学指标并计算心排血指数(CI);行动脉 血气分析,记录乳酸水平,并计算氧输送指数(DO2)、氧耗指数(VO2);用电磁流量计记录肠系膜血流量;用胃 肠张力计监测肠黏膜二氧化碳分压(PgCO2),计算肠黏膜-动脉二氧化碳分压差(Pg-aCO2)和肠黏膜pH值 (pHi)。记录制模前及复苏0、30、60、120、180和240 min两组血流动力学、氧代谢、内脏器官灌注等指标的变 化。结果 ①血流动力学改变:与制模前比较,0 min两组MAP和CI均明显降低(P均<0．05)。与0 min比 较,HES组30 min后MAP明显升高,60 min后恢复到制模前水平,而RS组MAP也明显升高,120 min后恢 复至制模前水平(P均<0．05);液体复苏30 min后,两组CI和ITBVI均明显升高(P均<0．05),240 min仍 明显高于0 min,但两组间差异无显著性。②全身氧代谢改变:制模后两组动物DO2和动脉血pH均明显降低, 动脉乳酸水平明显升高。液体复苏30 min后,两组DO2均明显升高,HES组DO2显著高于同时期RS组 (P<0．05)。与0 min比较,两组动物液体复苏180 min后动脉乳酸水平明显降低,但两组间差异无显著性。 ③内脏器官灌注改变:与制模前比较,0 min两组肠系膜血流量均显著降低。与0 min比较,HES组在液体复 苏60 min后肠系膜血流量升高,RS组无增加,且显著低于同时期HES组(P<0．05)。HES组在液体复苏后 肠系膜血流量明显升高的同时伴有Pg-aCO2降低和pHi明显上升(P均<0．05);而RS组复苏后Pg-aCO2 明显升高,pHi呈下降趋势,显著低于同时期HES组(P<0．05)。结论 RS和HES液体复苏均有利于升高血 压,提高氧输送,改善感染性休克时的血流动力学状态;但在改善内脏器官灌注上HES可能优于RS。     

血必净注射液治疗脓毒性休克的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的:研究血必净注射液治疗脓毒性休克患者的临床疗效。方法:将2006年4月—2007年3月收入江苏省苏北人民医院危重病医学科的48例脓毒性休克患者随机分为对照组和血必净组,每组24例。对照组按照脓毒性休克治疗指南进行治疗;血必净组在对照组治疗基础上加用血必净注射液50 ml静脉滴注,每日2次,连续用7 d。记录治疗前后患者的生命体征、白细胞计数(WBC)和Marshall评分,并抽取外周血,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和IL-10水平,并记录患者28 d的病死率。结果:疗程结束时血必净组体温〔(37.2±0.6)℃比(37.9±0.6)℃〕、WBC〔(9.6±2.2)×109/L比(11.2±1.5)×109/L〕、Marshall评分〔(2.1±1.9)分比(2.8±1.8)分〕、IL-6〔(0.37±0.34)ng/L比(2.33±2.06)ng/L〕、IL-10〔(0.82±0.66)ng/L比(2.98±1.99)ng/L〕及28 d的病死率(4.2%比25.0%)明显低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:血必净注射液可以改善脓毒性休克患者预后,其作用机制可能为通过调控炎症反应实现。     

NO及NO合成酶与感染性休克

感染性休克病理生理学过程十分复杂。NO在其中的作用既具有有害的一面，同时也存在有利的一面。受内毒素、细胞因子等诱导，iNOS表达上调并产生大量NO，引起循环衰竭、组织细胞损伤以及通过调节炎症介质基因表达扩大全身炎症反应。另一方面，eNOS所产生的NO对机体具有保护作用。然而，感染性休克时，eNOS蛋白质合成及其功能受到损害，反而成为血管内皮功能失常、诱发多器官功能障碍的重要原因。     

Early goal-directed therapy reduces mortality in adult patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction:

Survival sepsis campaign guidelines have promoted early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) as a means for reduction of mortality. On the other hand, there were conflicting results coming out of recently published meta-analyses on mortality benefits of EGDT in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. On top of that, the findings of three recently done randomized clinical trials (RCTs) showed no survival benefit by employing EGDT compared to usual care. Therefore, we aimed to do a meta-analysis to evaluate the effect of EGDT on mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock patients.

Methodology:

We included RCTs that compared EGDT with usual care in our meta-analysis. We searched in Hinari, PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane central register of controlled trials electronic databases and other articles manually from lists of references of extracted articles. Our primary end point was overall mortality.

Results:

A total of nine trails comprising 4783 patients included in our analysis. We found that EGDT significantly reduced mortality in a random-effect model (RR, 0.86; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72–0.94; P = 0.008;   I² =50%). We also did subgroup analysis stratifying the studies by the socioeconomic status of the country where studies were conducted, risk of bias, the number of sites where the trials were conducted, setting of trials, publication year, and sample size. Accordingly, trials carried out in low to middle economic income countries (RR, 0.078; 95% CI, 0.67–0.91; P = 0.002; I² = 34%) significantly reduced mortality compared to those in higher income countries (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.33–1.06; P = 0.28; I² = 29%). On the other hand, patients receiving EGDT had longer length of hospital stay compared to the usual care (mean difference, 0.49; 95% CI, –0.04–1.02; P = 0.07; I² = 0%).

Conclusion:

The result of our study showed that EGDT significantly reduced mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Paradoxically, EGDT increased the length of hospital stay compared to usual routine care.     

Pharmacology,clinical efficacy and safety of terlipressin in esophageal varices bleeding,septic shock and hepatorenal syndrome

Terlipressin, a vasopressin agonist, is a commonly used drug with different indications, particularly in patients with end-stage liver disease. As a V₁ receptor agonist, it increases systemic vascular resistance, particularly in the splanchnic area, resulting in a decrease of portal pressure. Besides the approved use for variceal bleeding, terlipressin also has beneficial effects in the treatment of hepatorenal syndrome and norepinephrine-resistant septic shock. In patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding, the use of terlipressin reduces the portal vein pressure and decreases the pressure in esophageal varices. This can save lives when skilled endoscopists are not immediately available. Hepatorenal syndrome is associated with vasodilation in the mesenteric circulation with arterial underfilling and consecutive renal vasoconstriction. Restoration of an effective arterial blood volume can be achieved by the combination of terlipressin and volume expansion. In some cases, a success rate of up to 75% is reported. The early use of terlipressin in catecholamine-resistant shock can improve organ perfusion.     

Spontaneous Intrahepatic Gas Gangrene and Fatal Septic Shock

Gas gangrene of the liver is a rare clinical syndrome associated with a high rate of mortality. It is mostly associated with malignancy and immunosuppression.

We report on a male patient who presented at the department of emergency medicine with high fever but no localised complaints. CT scan revealed a cavitary lesion filled with air in the liver. Clostridium perfringens was proved to be present in the hepatic lesion and the blood, and clostridium perfringens sepsis with gas gangrene of the liver was diagnosed. Despite early diagnosis and treatment the patient died. The importance of “an aggressive treatment policy” in this kind of life-threatening disease is emphasised.     

An infant with meningococcal arthritis of the hip

Meningococcus is a well known cause of meningitis and septicaemia. It is less well known as a cause of arthritis. This case report describes an infant with meningococcal arthritis and with further discussion of the role of meningococcal serogroup W135 in disease, as well as current and future immunisation strategies.