Effect of focused cardiopulmonary ultrasonography on clinical outcome of septic shock: a randomized study

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of focused ultrasonography on clinical outcomes of septic shock.MethodsPatients with septic shock were randomized into an integrated cardiopulmonary ultrasonography (ICUS) group and conventional (CON) group. Within 1 hour of admission, the ICUS group underwent ICUS examination for hemodynamic decision-making, while the CON group received standard treatment. The primary endpoint was 28-day mortality after admission. The secondary endpoints were cumulative fluid administration in the first 6, 24, and 72 hours; use of vasoactive drugs; lactate clearance; duration of ventilation; and ICU stay.ResultsNinety-four qualified patients were enrolled (ICUS group, 49; CON group, 45). ICUS showed no significant effect on 28-day mortality. Within the initial 6 hours, the ICUS group tended to have a higher fluid balance and fluid intake than the CON group. The duration of vasopressor support was shorter in the ICUS group. There were no differences in the cumulative fluid infusion within 24 or 72 hours, lactate clearance, ICU stay, or duration of ventilation.ConclusionsThe initially focused ICUS did not affect the clinical outcomes of septic shock, but it tended to be associated with a higher fluid balance within the initial 6 hours and shorter duration of vasopressor support.     

Bedside echocardiography is useful in assessing children with fluid and inotrope resistant septic shock

Objective:

To report changes in the cardiovascular management of fluid and inotropic resistant septic shock in children based on echocardiography.

Design:

Retrospective case series.

Setting:

Tertiary care Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), Chennai.

Patients:

Twenty-two patients with unresolved septic shock after 60 ml/kg fluid plus inotropic agents in the first hour.

Interventions:

Bedside echocardiography (echo) within 6 h of admission to the PICU.

Results:

Over a 28-month period, of 37 patients with septic shock, 22 children remained in shock despite 60 ml/kg fluid and dopamine and/or dobutamine infusions as per guidelines. On clinical exam, 12 patients had warm shock and ten had cold shock, however, six exhibited an unusual pattern of cold shock with wide pulse pressures on invasive arterial monitoring. The most common echocardiographic finding was uncorrected hypovolemia in 12/22 patient while ten patients had impaired left ± right ventricular function. Echocardiography permitted an appreciation of the underlying disordered pathophysiology and a rationale for adjustment of treatment. Shock resolved in 17 (77%) and 16 patients (73%) survived to discharge.

Conclusions:

Bedside echo provided crucial information that was not apparent on clinical assessment and affords a simple noninvasive tool to determine the cause of low cardiac output in patients who remain in shock despite 60 ml/kg fluid and inotropic support. Most patients in our series had vasodilatory shock with wide pulse pressures and most common finding on echo was uncorrected hypovolemia. The echo findings allowed adjustment of therapy which was not possible based on clinical examination alone.     

Predictors of septic shock following anastomotic leak after major gastrointestinal surgery: An audit from a tertiary care institute

Background:

Anastomotic leak is a serious complication after major gastrointestinal surgery and majority of deaths occur due to septic shock. Therefore, the early identification of risk factors of septic shock may help reduce the adverse outcomes.

Objective:

The aim of this audit was to determine the predictors of septic shock in patients with anastomotic leak after major gastrointestinal surgery.

Design:

Retrospective, audit.

Materials and Methods:

The patients admitted in the gastrosurgical intensive care unit ICU) of our institute between September 2009 and April 2012 with anastomotic leakage after surgery were identified. The ICU charts were retrieved from the database to identify the patients progressing to septic shock. A comparison of risk factors was made between the patients who developed septic shock (septic shock group) against the patients who did not (non-septic shock group).

Results:

The study sample comprised of 103 patients with anastomotic leak, of which 72 patients developed septic shock. The septic shock group had a higher APACHE II score, lower MAP, and higher HR at the time of ICU admission. They received greater transfusion of packed red blood cells during their ICU stay. Septic shock was more common after pancreaticojejunostomy and hepaticojejunostomy leaks.

Conclusion:

Presence of malignancy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), packed red blood cell transfusion, bacteremia, and hepaticojejunostomy or pancreaticojejunostomy leaks were independent predictors of mortality and length of ICU stay. To the best of our knowledge there are no available studies in the literature on the predictors of risk factors of septic shock in patients with anastomotic leakage.     

美托洛尔对脓毒性休克患者组织灌注、容量反应性及血流动力学的影响

目的探讨美托洛尔对脓毒性休克患者组织灌注、容量反应性及血流动力学的影响。方法选取医院2018年1月至2019年1月收治的脓毒性休克患者101例,随机分为治疗组(51例)和对照组50例)。两组患者均予积极的液体复苏、经验性抗生素抗感染治疗及血管活性药物等对症处理。治疗组患者加用酒石酸美托洛尔片鼻饲治疗,均治疗5 d。结果治疗后,两组患者全身组织灌注指标均明显改善,且治疗组动脉血乳酸(Lac)显著高于对照组;治疗后,治疗组每搏变异度(SVV)平均为(15±8)%,容量反应性阳性率为82.35%,明显优于对照组的(19±6)%和90.00%(P<0.05);治疗后,两组患者心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、心输出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)、每搏量指数(SI)、左室内压上升最大速率(dp/d tmax)、全心射血分数(GEF)、心功能指数(CFI)、全心舒张期末容积指数(GEDVI),中心静脉-动脉血二氧化碳分压差(Pcv-aCO2)均显著下降,且治疗组的HR,CO,CI,SI,dp/d tmax,GEF、CFI显著低于对照组同期(P<0.05),中心静脉压(CVP)、中心静脉血氧饱和度(ScvO2)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、外周血管阻力指数(SVRI)、血管外肺水指数(EVLWI)、Lac、ScvO2显著上升,且治疗组动脉血Lac、CVP、DBP、SVRI均高于对照组同期(P<0.05);治疗组患者住院时间及机械通气时间明显短于对照组(P<0.05)。结论美托洛尔能降低脓毒性休克患者的心肌收缩力,减慢心率,降低容量反应性,改善全身组织灌注情况,同时缩短住院和机械通气时间。     

Comparison of the circulatory effects of continuous renal replacement therapy using AN69ST and polysulfone membranes in septic shock patients: A retrospective observational study

The acrylonitrile‐co‐methallyl sulfonate surface‐treated (AN69ST) membrane is expected to improve hemodynamics in patients with sepsis through cytokine adsorption. However, the clinical literature on AN69ST membranes is very limited. We aimed to compare the circulatory effects of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) between patients using the AN69ST membrane and polysulfone (PS) membrane (a nonadsorbing membrane). This retrospective observational study enrolled 38 patients with septic shock, as defined by Sepsis‐3 criteria, who required CRRT from April 2013 to March 2018. Those who died within 24 hours after CRRT initiation and received polymyxin B‐immobilized fiber column direct hemoperfusion, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and CRRT using other membranes were excluded. The primary outcome was the vasopressor dependency index during the 12 hours after CRRT initiation, which was calculated as (inotropic score)/(mean arterial pressure). Of 38 patients analyzed, 16 underwent CRRT with an AN69ST membrane and 22 with a PS membrane. The median patient age was 68 years, and the median Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score at intensive care unit admission was 29.5. The vasopressor dependency index decreased significantly during the 12 hours after CRRT initiation in both groups (AN69ST: from 0.50 ± 0.43 to 0.33 ± 0.27 [P < .05], PS: from 0.34 ± 0.30 to 0.21 ± 0.22 [P < .05]). The time course of the vasopressor dependency index during the 12 hours did not differ between the two groups (P = .11). The vasopressor dependency index decreased significantly after CRRT initiation in both groups. The time course of the vasopressor dependency index did not differ between the groups.     

Use of a novel hemoadsorption device for cytokine removal as adjuvant therapy in a patient with septic shock with multi-organ dysfunction: A case study

CytoSorb^® (CytoSorbents Corporation, USA) is a novel sorbent hemoadsorption device for cytokine removal. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical use of CytoSorb^® in the management of patient with septic shock. We used this device as an adjuvant to stabilize a young patient with multi-organ failure and severe sepsis with septic shock. A 36-year-old female patient was hospitalized with the complaints of malaise, general body ache, and breathing difficulty and had a medical history of diabetes mellitus type II, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, hypothyroidism and morbid obesity. She was diagnosed to have septic shock with multi-organ dysfunction (MODS) and a low perfusion state. CytoSorb^® hemoadsorption column was used as an attempt at blood purification. Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation score, MODS score, and sequential organ failure assessment score were measured before and after the device application. CytoSorb application as an adjuvant therapy could be considered in septic shock.     

早期生理盐水复苏后脓毒症患者血清氯水平 与急性肾损伤的关系

目的 探索脓毒症患者经生理盐水复苏72 h 后血清氯离子水平与急性肾损伤（AKI）的关系。 方法 选取2015 年1 月—2019 年5 月山西医科大学第一医院重症监护室收治并用生理盐水早期复苏的200 例 脓毒症或脓毒症休克患者,按照72 h 后的血清氯,分为高氯血症组（≥ 110 mmol/L）和非高氯血症组 （<110 mmol/L）,观察其初始血清氯离子浓度及肌酐、72 h 后最高血清氯离子浓度及肌酐、基础肌酐清除率 （Ccr）、初始急性生理功能和慢性健康状况评估Ⅱ（APACHE Ⅱ）评分、机械通气、肾替代治疗等指标,并 计算72 h 后血清氯离子变化值。结果 两组患者年龄、性别、机械通气、肾替代治疗、Ccr、APACHE Ⅱ 评分、72 h 后最高血清氯离子浓度及72 h 后血清氯离子浓度变化值比较,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。高 氯血症组AKI 发病率较非高氯血症组高（P <0.05）。单因素Logistic 回归分析显示,72 h 后最高血清氯离子 浓度与AKI 有关（P <0.05）。72 h 后血清氯离子浓度变化值≥ 1.5 mmol/L 和72 h 后血清氯离子浓度变化 值≥ 5.5 mmol/L 与AKI 也有关（P <0.05）。多因素Logistic 回归分析显示,APACHE Ⅱ评分[Ol ^ R=2.451 （95% CI：1.961,2.880）,P =0.000]、72 h 后最高血清氯离子浓度[Ol ^ R=2.023（95% CI：1.991,3.211）,P =0.010] 和72h 后血清氯离子浓度变化值[Ol ^ R=3.211（95% CI ：2.347,3.630）,P =0.006] 是AKI 发病的危险因素。 结论 脓毒症患者经生理盐水复苏72 h 后血清高氯离子与AKI 独立相关,且72 h 后血清氯离子浓度变化值、 APACHE Ⅱ评分也与AKI 有关。     

去甲肾上腺素联合多巴胺在感染中毒性休克液体复苏中的作用

目的 探讨去甲肾上腺素联合多巴胺在感染中毒性休克液体复苏中的作用。方法 采用回顾性研究方法,选择2015年2月—2018年1月在榆林市星元医院ICU诊治的144例感染中毒性休克患者作为研究对象,根据治疗方法的不同分为观察组74例与对照组70例。两组都给予充分液体复苏,对照组给予多巴胺辅助治疗,观察组给予去甲肾上腺素联合多巴胺辅助治疗,记录两组6 h复苏率与28 d死亡率,记录两组治疗前与治疗3 d后的心率（HR）、混合静脉血氧饱和度（SvO₂）、尿量、内生肌酐清除率及白介素-4（IL-4）、白介素-10（IL-10）。结果 观察组的6 h复苏率与28 d死亡率分别为70.3%和24.3%,对照组分别为47.1%和47.1%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组治疗后的SvO₂都显著高于治疗前,且观察组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;观察组治疗后的HR低于治疗前,也低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组的尿量与内生肌酐清除率都显著高于治疗前,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。治疗后,两组血清IL-4和IL-10水平都显著低于治疗前,同组治疗前后比较差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;且观察组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 去甲肾上腺素联合多巴胺在感染中毒性休克液体复苏中的应用能抑制炎症因子的释放,改善患者的肾功能与血气指标,从而提高复苏率与降低死亡率。     

参麦注射液联合氢化可的松治疗老年脓毒性休克的临床研究

目的探索参麦注射液联合氢化可的松对老年脓毒性休克的治疗效果。方法选取2015年7月—2018年7月沧州市人民医院收治的脓毒性休克患者102例,随机分为对照组(51例)和治疗组(51例)。对照组静脉滴注注射用氢化可的松琥珀酸钠,200 mg加入生理盐水250 mL,1次/d;治疗组在对照组基础上静脉滴注参麦注射液,100 mL/次,1次/d。两组患者均持续治疗5天。观察两组患者临床疗效,同时比较治疗前后两组患者白细胞计数、APACHEⅡ评分、乳酸、降钙素原和脑钠肽水平及随访结果。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组临床有效率分别为76.47%和86.27%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者白细胞计数、C-反应蛋白水平及APACHEⅡ评分均明显降低(P0.05),且治疗组白细胞计数、C-反应蛋白水平及APACHEⅡ评分明显低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后,两组患者乳酸、降钙素原和脑钠肽水平均显著降低(P0.05),且治疗组乳酸、降钙素原和脑钠肽水平明显低于对照组(P0.05)。治疗组ICU住院时间、14 d死亡率及28 d死亡率上均优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论参麦注射液联合氢化可的松可明显改善老年脓毒性休克患者早期生理生化指标,提高整体生存率。