Self-tuning for job engagement: Ugandan nurses' self-care strategies in coping with work stress

This qualitative study explored self-care among 15 Ugandan nurses with reputations for thriving despite having difficult working conditions. The analysis revealed that in the face of potential threats to the nurses' job engagement, they engaged in ‘self-tuning’, a salutogenic process involving introspection, sensibility and reflection leading to coping in one or several of these ways: sharing of experiences, trusting in God's providence, engaging in other enjoyable activities, letting go, adapting based on experiences, guarding against workplace hazards, preserving quiet time or clearly separating work from personal life. This study supports previous research that self-tuning is a learnable skill, critical in helping nurses cope with work-related adversity; this should be emphasized both during nursing training and on the job.     

自我管理训练对社区慢性精神分裂症患者的疗效:中国上海的单盲随机对照试验(英文)

目标:评估自我管理训练对社区精神分裂症成年患者的效果。方法:总共招募了201例慢性精神分裂症患者(平均病程17.4年),并随机分为自我管理干预组(n=103)和常规治疗对照组(n=98)。自我管理训练包括每周一次小组会议,为期6个月,讨论和模拟基本的自我管理能力,然后进行24个月的每月小组助推会议,社区卫生工作人员回顾患者的自我管理清单。两名对分组单盲的精神科医生评估参与者基线和登记后6个月、30个月的症状和社会功能,采用简明精神病评定量表(BPRS),社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)和Morningside康复状态量表(MRSS)。总共有194人(干预组99人和对照组95人)完成2.5年的随访。使用末次观察结转法的意向性治疗分析进行分析。结果:相较于对照组,干预组在两个随访时间点的BPRS,SDSS和MRSS平均分较低。在入组后6个月到30个月的治疗维持阶段,干预组的评分持续改善。结论:自我管理训练是一种能改善社区慢性精神分裂症患者的症状和社会功能有效的方法。在6个月的每周自我管理技能训练后,每月的助推会议检查患者记录中与疾病相关的症状事件的日常清单,足以维持培训的有效性。将来研究应注意该方法的长期成本效益     

自我管理培训对慢性精神分裂症社区患者服药依从性的影响:在中国上海的一项单盲随机对照试验(英文)

背景:许多社区精神分裂症患者服药不规律因而很容易频繁复发。目的:评估自我管理培训对社区慢性精神分裂症患者服药依从性和复发情况的影响。方法 :共纳入上海市城市和农村的社区慢性精神分裂症患者201例,随机分为常规治疗组(n=98)或自我管理干预组(n=103)。干预组接受为期6个月的每周一次自我管理技能培训,之后参加每月一次的加强小组会议,由社区卫生工作者检查患者的自我管理清单,共24个月。由两名单盲于患者治疗情况的精神科医生使用Morisky服药依从性量表评估患者服药依从性并采用自知力评估量表(Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorders,SAUMD)了解基线时和30个月后患者的自知力。总共194人(95.6%)完成研究。结果 :基线时两组间无显著差异,但在30个月后,干预组服药依从性比常规治疗组好,对疾病的自知力提高,自我报告使用抗精神病药物的剂量相对高。在随访30个月里,干预组103例患者中只有2例(1.9%)复发(即一次或多次住院),然而对照组98例患者中有14例(14.3%)复发(X2=8.83,p=0.003)。结论 :本研究样本量大、随访时间相对长、随机设计并采用单盲法评估,研究结果的说服力相对强。本研究发现自我管理干预后患者复发显著减少、服药依从性改善以及自知力提高。这些结果拓展了我们先前的研究发现,显示自我管理训练可以有效改善社区慢性精神分裂症患者的症状和社会功能。今后需要纳入成本效益分析研究,评估将自我管理干预扩大到其他更多社区的可行性。     

品管圈在提高慢性精神分裂症患者生活自理能力中的应用

目的 探讨品管圈（QCC）活动在提高慢性精神分裂症患者生活自理能力的应用效果。方法 2016年1月至9月期间,纳入37名生活自理能力欠缺的慢性精神分裂症患者,科室开展品管圈活动,根据戴明环的程序：主题选定、拟定计划、现状把握、目标设定、解析、对策拟定实施与检讨、效果确认、标准化以及检讨与改进十大步骤来进行。结果 实施品管圈后,日常生活能力量表（ADL）总分在圈活动后（18.57±1.61）较圈活动前（27.86±2.21）明显降低（t=20.67,p＜0.05）,住院患者观察量表（NOSIE）的病情总估计在圈活动后（210.16±14.48）较较圈活动前（184.1±36.35）明显提高（t=3.94,p＜0.05）,具有统计学意义。结论 品管圈可以充分分析慢性精神分裂症患者生活自理能力低下的原因,有针对性的制定确实有效的护理措施,从而有效提高患者的生活自理能力。     

Taking Dental Self-care to the Extreme: 24-month Incidence of Dental Self-extractions in the Florida Dental Care Study

Objective : A common response to health-related symptoms is to treat oneself in lieu of or prior to seeking formal health care. Among the more extreme forms of dental self-care is dental self-extraction. To our knowledge, no study of the incidence of this behavior has been conducted. The objective of this study was to determine if one form of dental self-care, dental self-extraction, is a real phenomenon, and if so, to determine its incidence. Methods : The Florida Dental Care Study is a longitudinal study of changes in oral health, whose subjects participated for an interview and clinical examination at baseline and 24 months after baseline. Results : Of the 739 persons who participated through 24 months, 176 lost one or more teeth. Of these 176 persons, 13 (7%) extracted one or more of their own teeth. The clinical status at baseline of the self-extracted teeth was consistent with the ability to self-extract. Conclusion : The phenomenon of dental self-extraction is real and is not limited to residents of developing nations or geographically isolated areas. Because of the potential for prolonged bleeding or bacterial endocarditis in certain population groups, community health clinicians and officials should be cognizant of this behavior.     

Self-care intervention to reduce oral candidiasis recurrences in HIV-seropositive persons: a pilot study

OBJECTIVES: This single-blind randomized controlled pilot study evaluated the efficacy of a behavioral intervention program, PRO-SELF: Candidiasis, to reduce time to recurrence of oral candidiasis over 6 months in susceptible HIV-seropositive persons. The intervention involved instruction by dentists on improving oral hygiene, minimizing sugar intake, and self-diagnosing candidiasis. METHODS: Participants were adults with oral candidiasis responsive to antifungals who presented to the UCSF Stomatology Clinic between 1997 and 2000. At 2-3 weeks of follow-up visits, a dentist "examiner", masked to group assignment, quizzed participants as to the presence of candidiasis, and assessed candidiasis status. A second, unmasked dentist "instructor" then delivered the program to intervention participants. Participants recorded dietary and oral hygiene practices in 24-h recall diaries: intervention participants at each visit and controls at initial and final visits. RESULTS: At randomization, CD4+ cell counts (cells/mm(3)) were 298 +/- 188 among 18 intervention participants and 396 +/- 228 among 17 controls. The candidiasis recurrence rates at 6 months were 78% among intervention compared with 88% among control participants (hazard ratio 0.72; 95% CI 0.35-1.50). Performing oral hygiene after meals/snacks showed the largest relative improvement: intervention-control difference in proportion of meals/snacks affected was 24% (95% CI -1 to 48%). Self-diagnoses of candidiasis were inaccurate, possibly because of mild episodes. CONCLUSIONS: The results weakly indicate that regular instruction from healthcare professionals helps patients delay candidiasis recurrence by improving oral hygiene. Among HIV-seropositive persons, those with poor oral hygiene, and high-sugar diets are most likely to benefit.     

French adolescent attitudes towards informal care for physical and emotional or relational problems

The objective of this study was to determine adolescents' attitudes concerning the use of self-care and traditional medicines. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire with open-ended questions was completed by 543 adolescents aged 15-19 y. The results showed that the most frequent self-care activity for general health problems, in more than three-quarters of them, was self-medication; 14% of them resorted to minor home treatment such as taking care of wounds, bandaging or massages. Instructions for use were mentioned by 69% of adolescents as a way of choosing self-prescribed drugs. Natural medicines were used by 32% of the girls and 23% of the boys, mainly herbal teas or plant-based medicines, followed by homoeopathy. Self-care for emotional and relational problems mainly involved thinking about the problem and questioning themselves about their own behaviour or about the way they are. They also mentioned activities such as sports, going out, listening to music, watching television, and trying to think about something else by keeping themselves occupied. Natural medicines were used by 19% of the girls and 13% of the boys. Plant-based medicines or herbal teas were used most often, followed by drugs or alcohol, with homoeopathy in third place. Conclusion: Self-care and alternative medicines were used by adolescents in this study for physical as well as for emotional or relational problems. Their use did not reflect dissatisfaction with physicians and hospital treatment or an objection to formal services, but rather was a choice of these approaches for their own specific characteristics. They were also viewed as being less harmful than conventional treatment.     

Stressors, coping and depression in haemodialysis patients

BACKGROUND: Depression is common in persons receiving outpatient haemodialysis, but little work has been done to explore the variables associated with depression. AIMS: The primary purposes of this study were to (i) examine relationships among stressors, coping and depression and (ii) test the mediating role of coping. DESIGN/METHODS: Data were collected at two points in time, three months apart in 1995/1996. The final convenience sample at Time 2 was 86 participants from two United States midwestern, inner-city dialysis units. Structured interviews were conducted using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, the haemodialysis stressor scale (HSS) and the coping strategy indicator. RESULTS: At Time 1 more psychosocial stressors were associated with greater use of problem-solving, social-support and avoidance coping. Both avoidance coping and more psychosocial stressors at Time 1 were related to depression at Time 2. Finally, avoidance coping was found to explain much of the relationship between psychosocial stressors and depression. CONCLUSIONS: Research is now needed that explicates the causal relationships among stress, coping and depression in haemodialysis patients.     

The symptom experience of women with chronic illness

AIM OF THE STUDY: This integrative review examined how women interpret, cope with, and manage chronic illness symptoms. BACKGROUND: Women with chronic illness report more symptoms and poorer physical health than men. They also enter the health care system later and sicker than their male counterparts. One possible reason for their increased morbidity and mortality is gender differences in interpreting and managing symptoms. METHOD: The inclusion criteria that guided this review were that: (a) the study was published between January 1, 1990 and December 31, 1999; (b) participants were women with at least one chronic health problem; and (c) the study addressed symptom perception, symptom evaluation, and/or symptom management. Databases were searched using women, symptoms, chronic illness, coping, and research as key words. FINDINGS: One hundred and ten published studies were reviewed, yielding 35 journal articles reporting on 32 separate studies that met the inclusion criteria. The analysis identified important gender differences in symptom experience. While studies of coping with symptoms are well represented in the literature, symptom strategies and the cultural meaning of symptoms are understudied. CONCLUSION: Five categories of practice implications emerged from the data. These included physical functioning, coping, self-care, roles and relationships, and socio-cultural issues. Within each category specific directions for nursing practice were developed.     

产科应用Orem自理模式的研究现状

介绍了Orem自理模式的理论框架,完全补偿护理系统、部分补偿护理系统和支持-教育系统在产妇分娩不同阶段运用的现状及效果,Orem自理模式在产科应用的前景展望.