A retrospective study of the incidence and predisposing factors of third- and fourth-degree perineal tears

Objectives:To evaluate the rates of third- and fourth-degree tears and related predisposing factors for the tears in singleton vaginal deliveries.Methods:This was a retrospective study of third- and fourth-degree perineal tears in all women who underwent vaginal delivery in a tertiary hospital in Assir region between January 2014 and December 2019. There are approximately 5000 deliveries per year at the Abha Maternity and Children Hospital. The total number of deliveries during the study period was 31,788, of which 19,374 were delivered vaginally.Results:A total of 85 women (0.43% of all vaginal deliveries) had third-degree (n=81) or fourth-degree (n=4) perineal tears. The mean age of the women was 31 years (range: 16-46 years). Fifty-two of the 85 women (61%) were primiparous. Of the various obstetric parameters, episiotomy, occipitoposterior presentation, primigravida, multipara, and a previous episiotomy were found to be significant predisposing factors to third- and fourth-degree tears in our patients.Conclusion:The low incidence of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in this study is likely the result of proactive manual protection of the perineum, valid indications for episiotomy, and attendance of senior staff members at all difficult deliveries.     

机械通气患者两种气管导管气囊压力管理方法的临床研究

目的通过比较机械通气患者容量-时间曲线指导的气囊充气法（以下简称容量-时间曲线法）与最小闭合容量（minimalocclusivevolume,MOV）法的气囊充气量及气囊压力,探讨两种气囊压力管理方法的优劣。方法80例患者纳入研究。在相同的机械通气模式、参数条件下,每例患者在研究开始时完全消气囊,在先后用MOV法及容量-时间曲线法重新充气直至完全闭合气道。两次气囊充气间相隔20min,分别记录并比较两者方法的气囊充气量及压力值。结果容量一时间曲线法的气囊充气量及气囊压力明显小于MOV法（PdO．01）,12．5％（10／80）患者用MOV法充气后从容量-时间曲线观察仍存在漏气。结论容量一时间曲线指导的气管导管气囊法较MOV法精确、客观,是一种更可靠的指导气囊压力管理的方法。     

不同移植物对翼状胬肉患者视力和角膜散光及泪膜功能的影响

目的：分析角膜缘自体结膜移植和羊膜移植对行翼状胬肉手术患者视力、角膜散光(CAD)、泪膜功能的影响。

方法：前瞻性研究。选取2018-08/2020-03我院眼科收治的翼状胬肉手术患者96例96眼,依据随机数字表法将其分为观察组(48例48眼,行翼状胬肉切除联合角膜缘自体结膜移植治疗)、对照组(48例48眼,行翼状胬肉切除联合羊膜移植治疗),比较两组患者手术时间、角膜上皮愈合时间、结膜充血及水肿消退时间、术后裸眼视力(UCVA)、泪膜功能\〖泪膜破裂时间(BUT)、泪液分泌试验(SⅠt)\〗、CAD、眼表疾病指数(OSDI)、复发率、并发症发生率。

结果：观察组患者手术时间较对照组长,而角膜上皮愈合时间短于对照组(P<0.001),两组患者结膜充血及水肿消退时间比较无差异(P>0.05); 术后1、3、6mo两组患者UCVA、BUT、SⅠt均较术前改善(P<0.05),CAD、OSDI评分较术前降低(P<0.05),且观察组术后1mo BUT、SⅠt较对照组低,术后3、6mo BUT、SⅠt较对照组长,术后1、3、6mo OSDI评分低于对照组(P<0.05),两组患者术后UCVA和CAD比较无差异(P>0.05); 观察组术后6mo内复发率低于对照组(P<0.05),而两组术后6mo内并发症发生率无差异(P>0.05)。

结论：与羊膜移植相比,角膜缘自体结膜移植联合翼状胬肉切除术治疗翼状胬肉患者可明显缩短角膜上皮愈合时间,减少对泪膜功能的影响及复发率,且不影响视力与CAD,安全性可靠。     

Tear film measurements in four different ethnic groups: Malay, Chinese, Indian and Nigerian

AIM: To compare the non-invasive tear film break-up time (NIBUT), tear break up time (TBUT), basal tear secretion (BTS) and blink rate in four ethnic groups: Malay, Chinese, Indian and Nigerian. METHODS: Totally 120 healthy (61 males and 59 females) subjects (without dry eye symptoms and ocular surface disorder) with the age 20 to 39 years were recruited; 30 were Malays, 30 were Chinese, 31 were Indians and 29 were Nigerians. Based on McMonnies questionnaire and clinical examination, normal subjects were selected. NIBUT, TBUT, BTS were assessed in only one eye (right) of each subject and blink rate was also assessed. RESULTS: There was significant difference in the NIBUT, TBUT, BTS and blink rate among 4 different ethnic groups (P=0.018, 0.001, 0.011, and 0.004 respectively). No statistically significant difference of NIBUT, TBUT, BTS and blink rate was found between the genders among different ethnic groups. Indian had higher median for NIBUT (10±6s), TBUT (7±5s) and BTS (20±20 mm) than other races. Chinese had lower median for NIBUT (7.5±4s) and TBUT (4±2s) while Malay had for BTS (9.5±16 mm) among the groups. There was no significant correlation of blink rate with NIBUT (r=-0.119, P=0.195), TBUT (r=-0.086, P=0.352), and BTS (r=-0.123, P=0.180) respectively. CONCLUSION: The tear-film measurement values are variability in four ethnic groups.     

关节镜辅助小切口治疗肩袖损伤

目的探讨关节镜辅助小切口治疗肩袖损伤的方法和疗效。方法 2008年3月~2011年12月采用关节镜辅助小切口治疗肩袖损伤22例,包括肩袖全层破裂16例,关节囊侧部分损伤4例,其中2例转化为肩袖全层破裂,按全层破裂处理,另2例浅层部分损伤和2例滑囊侧部分损伤仅行关节镜下清创。肩袖全层破裂在关节镜引导下准确定位,辅助小切口行彻底肩峰下减压,双排锚钉修复全层损伤肩袖。合并SLAP损伤7例。结果本组除1例肩袖损伤合并Ⅱ型SLAP损伤患者行双固定螺钉镜下修复手术时间为120 min外,其余21例手术时间平均62(51~70)min,其中行肩峰成形及肩袖修复时间平均17(12~20)min。辅助小切口平均2.8(2~3.5)cm。未出现神经损伤及肢体明显肿胀、液体渗漏等情况。术后随访平均13.2(10~18)个月。术后10月随访:ASES评分平均(91.0±12.5)分,较术前(57.2±9.6)分显著提高(P<0.05),其中优12例,良7例,可3例,优良率为86.4%;UCLA评分平均(33.2±3.5)分,较术前(12.9±3.8)分显著提高(P<0.05),其中优9例,良11例,可2例,优良率为90.9%。结论关节镜辅助小切口治疗肩袖损伤具有诊断全面、准确、微创、康复快的优点,临床治疗效果可靠。     

关节镜下治疗大型肩袖撕裂

目的探讨肩关节镜下治疗大型肩袖撕裂的方法和疗效。方法对34例大型肩袖撕裂患者在关节镜下行单排或双排FastTakII锚钉止点重建术。应用美国肩肘外科医师协会评价系统（ASES）和加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校（UCLA）肩关节标准评分。结果34例均获随访,时间4．5～40（7．7±2．4）个月。术后患肩在主动上举、内收、后伸、外展、外旋和内旋6个方向的活动度较术前均有改善（P〈0．05）;患肩完成10项13常活动能力：术前为8．45分±O．97分,术后提高至24．60分±1．21分（P〈0．05）;ASES和UCLA评分：术前分别为24．64分±2．44分和8．06分±1．47分,术后分别提高至71．15分±1．28分和21．77分±1．16分（P〈0．05）;VAS评分：术前为7．18分±2．33分,术后为3．43分±1．75分（P〈0．05）。结论肩关节镜下肩袖重建手术微创治疗优势显著,3～5个作业通道和专业化手术器械的合理交替配合操作能满足大型肩袖撕裂止点重建需求,经镜下双排或单排锚钉重建后的大型损伤肩袖稳定性良好,肩关节功能改善明显。     

改良固定眶隔脂肪在结膜入路睑袋整复中疗效的探讨

目的：探讨通过结膜入路矫正下睑袋畸形的同时,以眶隔脂肪填充修复泪槽沟畸形的方法。方法：通过结膜入路释放眶隔脂肪,将其以缝线内固定的方法稳妥填充泪槽沟畸形。结果：手术方法简单,未见感染、出血等并发症,术后效果满意,长期观察未见眶隔脂肪脱落造成泪槽沟复发畸形。结论：改良固定眶隔脂肪的方法在结膜入路下睑袋整复术中安全可靠,值得进一步临床推广。     

MRI quantification of fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy in a mouse model of rotator cuff tears

Rotator cuff pathology is the most common shoulder problem seen by orthopedic surgeons. Rotator cuff muscle fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy are common in larger tears and are considered predicting factors for the prognosis of cuff repair. Clinically, MRI is the gold standard in determining fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy; however, analysis for MRI imaging is primarily qualitative in nature with the results lacking further validation. We have recently developed a mouse model of rotator cuff tears. The goal of this study is to quantify and verify rotator cuff muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration using high‐resolution MRI in our mouse model. The rotator cuff muscles were analyzed for fat using a triglyceride quantification assay (TQA), muscle volume was measured through water displacement (WD), and histology. The study revealed that MRI had a high correlation with fat as measured with histology and TQA (R² = 098). MRI also correlated well with atrophy measured with WD and wet weight. This suggests that MRI is a reliable modality in evaluating the progression of fatty infiltration and muscle atrophy following rotator cuff tears in a small animal model. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 421–426, 2013     

Platelet‐rich plasma protects rotator cuff‐derived cells from the deleterious effects of triamcinolone acetonide

Triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injections are widely used to treat enthesopathy, but they may induce adverse effects such as tendon impairment and rupture. Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) is a blood fraction containing high platelet concentrations and various growth factors that play a role in tissue repair processes. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether TA has deleterious effects on human rotator cuff‐derived cells, and if PRP can protect these cells from the effects of TA. Human rotator cuff‐derived cells were cultured with and without TA and PRP, and the culture without any additive served as the control. Cell morphology was assessed at days 7 and 21. Cell viability was evaluated at days 1, 7, 14, and 21 by a water‐soluble tetrazolium salt assay. Induction of apoptosis was measured by immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry at day 7. Induction of cleaved caspase‐3 was measured by immunofluorescence staining at day 7. The cells cultured with TA had a flattened and polygonal shape at day 7. The cells cultured with both TA and PRP were similar in appearance to control cells. Exposure to TA also significantly decreased cell viability, but cell viability did not decrease when PRP was added along with TA. The number of apoptotic cells increased with TA exposure, while addition of PRP prevented cell apoptosis. In conclusion, the deleterious effect of TA was prevented by PRP, which can be used as a protective agent for patients receiving local TA injections. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31: 976–982, 2013     

Effects of radial tears and partial meniscectomy of lateral meniscus on the knee joint mechanics during the stance phase of the gait cycle—A 3D finite element study

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate influences of radial tears and partial meniscectomy of lateral meniscus on the knee joint mechanics during normal walking by using computational modeling. A 3D geometry of a knee joint of a healthy patient was obtained from our previous study, whereas the data of normal walking were taken from the literature. Cartilage tissue was modeled as a fibril reinforced poroviscoelastic material, whereas meniscal tissue was modeled as a transverse isotropic elastic material. The realistic gait cycle data were implemented into the computational model and the effects of radial tears and partial meniscectemy of lateral meniscus on the knee joint mechanics were simulated. Middle, posterior, and anterior radial tears in lateral meniscus increased stresses by 300%, 430%, and 1530%, respectively, at the ends of tears compared to corresponding areas in the model with intact lateral meniscus. Meniscus tears did not alter stresses and strains at the tibial cartilage surface, whereas partial meniscectomy increased contact pressures, stresses, strains and pore pressures in the tibial cartilage by 50%, 44%, 21%, and 43%, respectively. Increased stresses and strains were observed primarily during the first ～50% of the stance phase of the gait cycle. The present study suggests that anterior radial tear causes the highest risk for the development of total meniscal rupture, whereas partial meniscectomy increases the risk for the development of OA in lateral tibial cartilage. Highest risks for meniscus and cartilage failures are suggested to occur during the loading response and mid‐stance of the gait cycle. In the future, the present modeling may be further developed to offer a clinical tool for aid in decision making of clinical interventions for patients with knee joint injuries. © 2013 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:1208–1217, 2013