益肾化浊注射液对慢性肾功能衰竭大鼠残余肾中细胞因子含量的影响

通过观察益肾化浊注射液对5／6肾切除大鼠残余肾中细胞因子含量的影响，益肾化浊注射液延缓慢性肾功能衰竭（CRF）模型大鼠肾功能减退的作用机理。结果显示：益肾化浊注射液可以降低5／6肾切在鼠血清肌,尿素氮（P＜0．01），下调肾组织中白细胞介素－1（IL－1）（P＜0．05），白细胞介素－8（IL－8）（P＜0．05）及肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）（P＜0．05）的总体水平，说明益肾化浊注射液可以通过下调5／6肾切除大鼠残余肾中相关细胞因子含量，抑制促炎细胞因子对肾脏的损害，从而延缓CRF的进展。     

镉对大鼠肾脏和睾丸毒性的比较

大鼠饮水中给镉12wk后,检测了尿低分子蛋白(LMWP)排出量。尿碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,血清睾酮水平,睾丸乳酸脱氢酶同功酶(LDH-X)活性,精子计数和形态,雄鼠生育力,肾,睾丸和附睾组织镉含量,并在光镜和电镜下观察上述组织的病理变化,从生化,形态和功能改变三方面比较了大鼠肾脏和睾丸对镉的敏感性,发现尿LMWP和ALP仅在高剂量组显著增加,而血清睾酮和睾丸LDH-X在中剂量纽和低剂量纽已明显降低,说明镉对睾丸的有害作用可出现在肾脏之前。     

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected children

We describe the clinical and pathological findings of the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in two children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Both patients presented with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and subsequently developed renal failure. The diagnosis of HUS was confirmed by renal histopathology in both patients. None of these children presented with bloody diarrhea, evidence of circulating antibody response to Escherichia coli O157 lipopolysaccharide, or other known risk factors for HUS, except for the presence of HIV infection. Each patient was treated with intravenous plasma infusion and renal replacement therapy. Their clinical course was characterized by non-oliguria and lack of significant hypertension throughout the acute phase of the disease. Despite these favorable clinical parameters, both patients developed end-stage renal failure. The etiology of this atypical HUS characterized by poor renal survival remains unknown and the role of HIV infection in its pathogenesis, although possible, is unclear. Received March 5, 1996; received in revised form and accepted October 15, 1996     

DTPA renal scan assessment of renal allograft dysfunction in rats

The precise cause of allograft dysfunction after renal transplantation often cannot be established by non-invasive means. In clinical practice, radionuclide scans form an integral part of the clinician's armamentarium in the assessment of these patients [1, 2]. Unfortunately, in the clinical setting more than one pathological process may be responsible for the impaired function, making it difficult to correlate the scan appearances with the pathology. In this study in rats we compared the renal DTPA scan appearances of the various pathological processes which may cause renal allograft dysfunction in the immediate post-transplant period.     

Short-term indomethacin administration does not impair excretion of acute potassium load in humans

Maintenance treatment with prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors often causes some degree of hyperkalemia, indicating impaired potassium (K) excretion. Hypoaldosteronism probably is a mediating factor, but it is unknown whether these drugs also impair renal K excretion directly. Indomethacin, for example, stimulates NaCl reabsorption in Henle's loop, and thus may impair K excretion by decreasing distal NaCl delivery. We therefore studied the effect of 1 day administration of indomethacin (50 mg tid) on the excretion of a single oral KCl (1 mmol kg-1 body weight) in six healthy volunteers taking a 40 mmol sodium diet. To allow analysis of renal sodium handling, clearance studies were performed during water loading. In this acute setting, indomethacin had no effect on plasma K, and did not decrease plasma aldosterone. However, indomethacin clearly reduced NaCl excretion. Nonetheless, the excretion of the K load was entirely normal. Excretion of the K load was accompanied by increased clearance of phosphate and uric acid, and natriuresis. Data derived from the maximal free water clearance were compatible with increased delivery to and decreased reabsorption from the diluting segment. Occurrence of these effects was not prevented by indomethacin, although overall NaCl excretion remained less than observed without indomethacin. Indomethacin reduced prostaglandin E2 excretion substantially. Apparently, in normal man indomethacin does not impair K excretion directly, even though it greatly reduces NaCl excretion. Moreover, the effects of K on renal NaCl handling, probably contributing to the excretion of a K load, are not dependent on renal prostaglandins.     

急性肾功能衰竭136例分析

对136例急性肾功能衰竭患者的病因、透析率及死亡原因等进行分析。病因中以急性中毒占首位(20.59％),次为严重感染(19.12%),严重创伤(15.44%)。64例接受血液透析,29例接受腹膜透析,透析率达68.38%。本组死亡率为43.38%,透析组死亡率36.76%。,非透析组死亡率79.07%,两组有显著差异(P<0.01)。结合文献进行讨论,提出了防治建议。     

三峡库区涪陵段1964至1993年肾综合征出血热的流行趋势

本文对三峡库区涪陵段1964～1993年肾综合征出血热（HFRS）的流行趋势作了某些分析，旨在兴建、开发三峡库区时为防治本病提供一定的依据。30年中发病乡（镇）的扩大与发现，以1964～1969年较为突出，占累计发病乡（镇）总数的27.59%，在嗣后的24年（1970～1993年）间仍以平均每年3.8个疫区的新发现渐进式扩大，可见三峡库区涪陵段HFRS疫区的发现与扩大仍未结束；发病率在80年代（6.58／10万）急剧上升，较60年代（3.53／10万）和70年代（2.51／10万）发病总数高1.83倍，90年代的发病率（1O.54／10万）较前26年上升57.49%；病例围绕高、中发疫区向心性集中，流行强度则离心性递减；在涪陵段的长江南岸、乌江北岸以集簇性暴发为主，长江北岸、乌江南岸为散在发病；呈5～7月（占27.03%）、10～12月（占45.79%）“双峰”型季节性发病高峰，1～4、8、9月份为非流行季节，其病例占总发病数的27.17%；每5～7年出现l次周期性发病高峰，高峰年的发病率与该地区整体发病率一致，似呈上升趋势；68.76％的病人集中在20～49岁人群，农民发病占83.35%，男女之比为2.5:1。疫区及疫源地以野鼠型为主，混合型次之，家鼠型也存在。     

Infantile chronic tubulo-interstitial nephritis with cortical microcysts: variant of nephronophthisis or new disease entity?

Over a 15-year period we observed seven children (four girls, three boys) who presented within the first months of life with severe renal failure and acidosis, associated with hypertension in five patients and polyuria in four. In addition, one patient had a severe cholestatic liver disease. In two families, a similarly affected sibling had died previously. Four patients were referred with the clinical diagnosis of polycystic kidney disease because of moderate enlargement of kidneys, but renal imaging (intravenous pyelography and ultrasonography) did not confirm this diagnosis. A renal biopsy, performed in all patients, showed similar features characterized by a diffuse chronic tubulo-interstitial nephritis (TIN) and particularly by the presence of microcystic dilatation of proximal tubules and Bowman's space. Liver pathology was normal in two patients, including one with hepatomegaly. However, in the patient with cholestasis there was inflammatory portal fibrosis with mild duct proliferation. Progression of the renal disease was extremely rapid and all patients reached end-stage renal failure (ESRF) before the age of 2 years (11–22 months). Two children had successful renal transplants. Although this chronic TIN shares some features with nephronophthisis, we suggest that it represents a distinct entity both on clinical and morphological grounds. The specific clinical features of this disease are its early onset and rapid progression to ESRF. Pathologically, it differs from nephronophthisis by the absence of medullary cysts and thickened tubular basement membranes and by the presence of cortical microcysts.     

利福平引起的急性肾功能衰竭及其机制研究(3例报告及文献复习)

目的：探讨利福平致急性肾功能衰竭的临床病理特点及其发病机制。方法：对3例因利福平所致的急性肾衰竭患者的临床、肾脏病理进行分析，并采用抗人球蛋白试验方法检测患者的抗利福平抗体。结果：3例患者均有前驱感染史，临床主要表现为发热、胃肠道症状，随即出现无尿，伴随肾功能损害、血小板减低及溶血性贫血，部分伴有肝功能损害。肾活检3例均为急性肾小管坏死。3例的血清抗利福平抗体检测均为阳性。结论：利福平可引起急性肾衰竭，对应用利福平的患者应加强对肾功能的监测，肾脏病理及血清抗利福平抗体的检测有助于确诊。     

Species- and sex-specific variations in binding of ochratoxin A by renal proteins in vitro

The mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is a potent renal carcinogen in rodents and induces renal fibrosis in pigs. Furthermore, OTA has been associated with the development of renal tumors and nephropathies in humans. Large species- and sex-differences are observed in sensitivity toward OTA-mediated toxicity and carcinogenicity, yet neither the mechanism(s) resulting in OTA toxicity nor the reasons for the observed species- and sex-specificities are known. This paper investigated variations in OTA handling viz binding to renal proteins which could possibly explain the observed differences in OTA susceptibility in vivo and in vitro. The results obtained via a modification of a standard receptor-binding assay demonstrated the presence of at least one homogeneous binding component in renal cortical homogenates from pig, mouse, rat and humans. This component was shown to bind OTA in a specific and saturable manner. A range of compounds selected for their affinity for steroid receptors and/or for various known organic anion transporters were employed in a competition assay to answer the question whether this homogenous OTA binding component represents a steroid-like receptor component or one of the known organic anion transporters of the kidney. Although many of the compounds were able to compete with OTA for protein-binding, the competition patterns displayed a distinct species specificity and did not correspond to the competition patterns associated with presently known organic anion transporters of the kidney in the mouse, rat or human. The data thus suggests the presence of a new organic anion transporter or more likely, a cytosolic binding component of unknown function with high affinity and capacity for OTA binding in humans, rats, mice and possibly pigs.