胃癌术后患者早期肠内营养达标状况及其影响因素研究

目的了解胃癌术后患者早期肠内营养达标状况,分析影响营养达标的因素,为进一步制定有效护理措施改善胃癌术后患者营养支持状况提供参考。方法根据肠内营养制剂第3天供给热量能否达到患者需求[104.6kJ/(kg.d)]的60%,将82例患者分为达标组和未达标组,分析比较两组患者的一般资料及临床特征,通过Logistic回归进行多因素分析,探讨影响早期肠内营养达标的主要因素。结果82例患者中17例(20.73%)达标。达标组患者体质量水平、术中出血量、肠内营养不耐受例数显著低于/少于未达标组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。Logistic回归分析显示,患者体质量、术中失血量、肠内营养不耐受对早期营养达标有影响。结论胃癌术后早期肠内营养实施状况有待进一步提高,体质量越重、术中失血量越多、肠内营养不耐受发生率越高的患者早期肠内营养不达标的危险大。     

Solitary metastasis to the intercostal muscle from hepatocellular carcinoma: A case report

INTRODUCTIONSkeletal muscle metastases from carcinomas, especially to intercostal muscles, are rare. Most metastatic chest wall tumors from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) result from disseminations through needle tracts of intrahepatic HCC treatments.PRESENTATION OF CASEWe report the case of a 65-year-old man with chronic viral hepatitis B whose intrahepatic lesions were stabilized by repeated radiofrequency ablations and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Follow-up computed tomography demonstrated a well-enhanced mass in the right chest wall. Because α-fetoprotein and des-γ-carboxy prothrombin levels were elevated and no other tumors were detected, we diagnosed the mass as an extrahepatic metastasis from the HCC and resected it along with the surrounding ribs. There was no involvement of the bone, pleura, and lung.DISCUSSIONThe tumor was microscopically diagnosed as an intercostal muscle tumor metastasized from HCC, which has not been documented previously. The resection rate of extrahepatic tumors of HCC is low in literature. No other apparent extrahepatic recurrence has been observed for more than 20 months after the surgery.CONCLUSIONWe report the case of HCC patient who underwent surgical resection of an intercostal muscle tumor that had metastasized from HCC. Pathological examination of the tumor revealed the tumor cells in the blood vessels, and we speculate it hematogeneous metastasis.     

Subclassification of pT3 urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvicalyceal system is associated with recurrence-free and cancer-specific survival: proposal for a revision of the current TNM classification

Background

The clinical course of pT3 upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is highly variable.

Objectives

The aim of the current study was to validate the clinical and prognostic importance of pT3 subclassification in the renal pelvicalyceal system in a large international cohort of patients.

Design, setting, and participants

From a multi-institutional international database, 858 renal pelvicalyceal tumors treated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) were systematically reevaluated by genitourinary pathologists. Category pT3 pelvic tumors were categorized as pT3a (infiltration of the renal parenchyma on a microscopic level only) versus pT3b (macroscopic infiltration of the renal parenchyma and/or infiltration of peripelvic adipose tissue).

Intervention

RNU.

Measurements

Associations of pT3 subclassifications with clinicopathologic features were assessed with the chi-square test. Prognostic impact was assessed with the log-rank test and multivariable Cox regression analyses.

Results and limitations

Of 858 patients with renal pelvicalyceal tumors, 266 (31%) had pT3 disease. Of these, 146 (54.9%) were classified as pT3a and 120 (45.1%) as pT3b. Compared with pT3a, pT3b cancers were associated with higher tumor grade, nodal disease, and tumor necrosis. Ten-year recurrence-free (pT3a 58% vs pT3b 38%; p < 0.001) and cancer-specific (pT3a 60% vs pT3b 39%; p = 0.002) survival rates were lower for patients with pT3b disease. In multivariable analyses, classification pT3b was an independent predictor of both disease recurrence (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.8, p = 0.003) and cancer-specific mortality (HR: 1.7; p = 0.02). The major limitation is the retrospective character of the study.

Conclusions

Subclassification of pT3 renal pelvicalyceal UTUC helps identify patients who are at increased risk of disease progression and cancer-related death. Further research may help assess the value of subclassification and its inclusion in future editions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer–International Union Against Cancer TNM classification system.     

Prognostic indicators for upper tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy: the impact of lymphovascular invasion

Study Type – Prognosis (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? In an array of urological and non‐urological malignancies, lymphovascular invasion (LVI) is a pathological feature known to be associated with adverse outcomes for recurrence and survival. For some cancers, LVI has therefore been incorporated into American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM staging algorithms. This study presents an analysis of the impact of LVI in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) treated at our institution over a 20‐year period. In addition to known associations with features of aggressive disease and overall survival, we were able to show that LVI‐positive status upsets the TNM staging for UTUC. Namely, patients with superficial stage and LVI‐positive disease have overall survival outcomes similar to those of patients with muscle‐invasive LVI‐negative carcinoma. Such evidence may support the addition of LVI to future TNM staging algorithms for UTUC.

OBJECTIVE

• ? To assess the impact of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) on the prognosis of patients with upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinoma (UTUC) treated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? The Columbia University Medical Center Urologic Oncology database was queried and 211 patients undergoing RNU for UTUC between 1990 and 2010 were identified.
• ? These cases were retrospectively reviewed, and the prognostic significance of relevant clinical and pathological variables was analysed using log‐rank tests and Cox proportional hazards regression models.
• ? Actuarial survival curves were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.

RESULTS

• ? LVI was observed in 68 patients (32.2%).
• ? The proportion of LVI increased with advancing stage, high grade, positive margin status, concomitant carcinoma in situ, and lymph node metastases. The 5‐ and 10‐year overall survival rates were 74.7% and 53.1% in the absence of LVI, and 35.7% and 28.6% in the presence of LVI, respectively.
• ? In multivariate analysis, age, race and LVI were independent predictors of overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS

• ? The presence of LVI on pathological review of RNU specimens was associated with worse overall survival in patients with UTUC.
• ? LVI status should be included in the pathological report for RNU specimens to help guide postoperative therapeutic options.
• ? With confirmation from large international studies, inclusion of LVI in the tumour‐node‐metastasis staging system for UTUC should be considered.

     

Survival after radical cystectomy of non-bilharzial squamous cell carcinoma vs urothelial carcinoma: a competing-risks analysis

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4 What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? To date, there is controversy about the impact of histological subtype of bladder cancer (nonbilharzial squanous cell carcinoma vs. urothelial carcinoma) on cancer control outcomes. Our study shows that the histological subtype may have an impact on the stage of bladder cancer at presentation. However, after adjusting to stage, the histological subtype has no impact on cancer control outcomes.

OBJECTIVES

• ? To test the effect of histological subtype (NBSCC vs UC) on cancer‐specific mortality (CSM), after adjusting for other‐cause mortality (OCM).
• ? In Western countries, non‐bilharzial squamous cell carcinoma (NBSCC) is the second most common histological subtype in bladder cancer (BCa) after urothelial carcinoma (UC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? We identified 12 311 patients who were treated with radical cystectomy (RC) between 1988 and 2006, within 17 Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registries.
• ? Univariable and multivariable competing‐risks analyses tested the relationship between histological subtype and CSM, after accounting for OCM.
• ? Covariates consisted of age, sex, year of surgery, race, pathological T and N stages, as well as tumour grade.

RESULTS

• ? Histological subtype was NBSCC in 614 (5%) patients vs UC in 11 697 (95%) patients.
• ? At RC, the rate of non‐organ confined (NOC) BCa was higher in NBSCC patients than in their UC counterparts (71.7% vs 52.2%; P < 0.001).
• ? After adjustment for OCM, The 5‐year cumulative CSM rates were 25.0% vs 19.8% (P= 0.2) for patients with NBSCC vs UC organ confined (OC) BCa, respectively. The same rates were 46.3% vs 49.3% in patients with NOC BCa (P= 0.1).
• ? In multivariable competing‐risks analyses, histological subtype (NBSCC vs UC) failed to achieve independent predictor status of CSM in patients with OC (hazard ratio, 1.2; P= 0.06) or NOC BCa (hazard ratio, 1.1; P= 0.1).

CONCLUSIONS

• ? At RC, the rate of NOC BCa is higher in NBSCC patients than in their UC counterparts.
• ? Despite a more advanced stage at surgery, NBSCC histological subtype is not associated with a less favourable CSM than UC histological subtype, after accounting for OCM and the extent of the disease (OC vs NOC).

     

大鼠肝硬变和肝癌发生中肝组织病理和甲胎蛋白的变化

目的 探讨大鼠肝硬变和肝癌发生中肝组织病理和甲胎蛋白变化的意义.方法 选取雄性Wistar大鼠,分别采用DENA、四氧化碳和橄榄油诱导建立肝癌和肝硬变模型,于诱导前和诱导后2周、4周、8周、14周、18周和21周分别获取肝、脾组织和外周静脉血,HE染色进行肝脾组织病理学检查,ELISA法测定外周血清AFP水平.结果 大鼠肝硬变诱发过程中18周后出现肝假小叶,淤血性脾肿大;大鼠肝癌诱发过程中14周病理性核分裂,核仁变大、数量增多,肝癌结节形成,脾脏充血性改变.大鼠肝硬变诱发过程中外周血AFP在4周开始升高,14周与对照组比较差异显著(P<0.05);大鼠肝癌诱发过程中外周血AFP在2周开始升高,8周时与对照组比较差异显著(P<0.05);肝癌大鼠外周血AFP表达水平在8周时显著高于肝硬变大鼠(P<0.05).结论 不同诱导因素下大鼠肝脏病理变化出现时间和损害程度不尽相同,DENA对肝脏损害程度较四氯化碳对肝脏损害重;肝细胞受到病毒、细茵、毒素、化学毒物等损害时,动态监测外周血AFP水平,对评估肝细胞损伤程度和癌变具有双重生物学意义.     

TMSG-1蛋白在结直肠癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨TMSG-1蛋白在结直肠癌组织中的表达及其与肿瘤病理特征的关系。方法采用免疫组织化学SP法检测98例结直肠癌组织中TMSG-1蛋白的表达,同时选取76例结直肠正常组织作对照。结果 TMSG-1蛋白在结直肠癌和正常结直肠组织中主要表达在细胞质,少量胞核可见着染。76例正常结直肠黏膜组织中TMST-1蛋白均表达阳性,其中11例呈弱阳性,65例强阳性表达。在98例结直肠癌中,32例TMST-1蛋白表达阴性,23例弱阳性表达,43例呈强阳性。两者表达差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在结直肠癌患者中TMSG-1蛋白表达与年龄、性别、肿瘤部位、肿瘤大小无明显相关(P>0.05),与肿瘤的浸润深度,分化程度、淋巴结转移及远处转移有明显负相关(P<0.05)。结论 TMSG-1蛋白低表达与结直肠癌恶性程度及肿瘤转移有密切相关,这为结直肠癌治疗提供新的治疗靶点且有可能成为判断结直肠癌细胞浸润及转移的重要预后指标。     

Comparison of oncological outcomes after segmental ureterectomy or radical nephroureterectomy in urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract: results from a large French multicentre study

Study Type – Therapy (multi‐centre retrospective cohort) Level of Evidence 2b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas (UUT‐UCs) are rare tumours. Because of the aggressive pattern of UC, radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) with bladder cuff removal remains the ‘gold‐standard’ treatment. However, conservative strategies, such as segmental ureterectomy (SU) or endourological management, have also been developed in patients with imperative indications. Some teams are now advocating the use of conservative management more commonly in cases of elective indications of UUT‐UCs. Due to the paucity of cases of UUT‐UC, only limited data are available on the oncological outcomes afforded by conservative management. We retrospectively investigated the oncological outcomes after SU and RNU in a large multi‐institutional database. Overall, 52 patients were treated with SU and 416 with RNU. There was no statistical difference between the RNU and SU groups for the 5‐year probability of cancer‐specific survival, recurrence‐free survival and metastasis‐free survival. The type of surgery was not a significant prognostic factor in univariate analysis. The results were the same in a subgroup analysis of only unifocal tumours of the distal ureter with a diameter of <2 cm and of low stage (≤T2). Our results suggest that oncological outcomes after conservative treatment with SU are comparable to RNU for the management of UUT‐UC in select cases.

OBJECTIVE

• ? To compare recurrence‐free survival (RFS), metastasis‐free survival (MFS) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS) after segmental ureterectomy (SU) vs radical nephroureterectomy (RNU) for urothelial carcinoma (UC) of the upper urinary tract (UUT‐UC) located in the ureter.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? We performed a multi‐institutional retrospective review of patients with UUT‐UC who had undergone RNU or SU between 1995 and 2010.
• ? Type of surgery, Tumour‐Node‐Metastasis status, tumour grade, lymphovascular invasion and positive surgical margin were tested as prognostic factors for survival.

RESULTS

• ? In all, 52 patients were treated with SU and 416 with RNU. The median (range) follow‐up was 26 (10–48) months.
• ? The 5‐year probability of CSS, RFS and MFS for SU and RNU were 87.9% and 86.3%, respectively (P= 0.99); 37% and 47.9%, respectively (P= 0.48); 81.9% and 85.4%, respectively (P= 0.51).
• ? In univariable analysis, type of surgery (SU vs RNU) failed to affect CSS, RFS and MFS (P= 0.94, 0.42 and 0.53, respectively).
• ? In multivariable analyses, pT stage and pN stage achieved independent predictor status for CSS (P= 0.005 and 0.007, respectively); the positive surgical margin and pT stage were independent prognostic factors of RFS and MFS (P= 0.001, 0.04, 0.009 and 0.001, respectively).
• ? The main limitation of the study is its retrospective design, which is due to the rarity of the disease.

CONCLUSIONS

• ? Short‐term oncological outcomes after conservative treatment with SU are comparable to RNU for the management of UUT‐UC in select cases and should be considered an option.
• ? In every other case, RNU still represents the ‘gold standard’ for the treatment of UUT‐UC.

     

Survival of patients with small cell carcinoma of the prostate during 1973-2003: a population-based study

Study Type – Therapy (inception cohort) Level of Evidence 2a What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Small cell carcinoma of the prostate is a lethal disease. Survival data is currently based on case reports and single institution case series which give limited information on its prognostic factors. In this large population‐based study, we provide more robust estimates of survival and have defined the prognostic factors.

OBJECTIVE

• ? To describe the survival of patients with primary small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the prostate and assess prognostic factors based on a large population sample.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• ? A total of 241 cases of SCC of the prostate were reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries from 1973 to 2003 of which 191 cases were included in our study.
• ? We used the Kaplan–Meier method for estimating survival, and Cox proportional hazard regression modelling to evaluate prognostic variables.

RESULTS

• ? The overall age‐adjusted incidence rate was 0.278 per 1 000 000 (95% confidence interval, 0.239–0.323).
• ? In all, 60.5% presented as metastatic disease compared with 39.5% who presented as local/regional disease (P= 0.012).
• ? The 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months observed survival rates were 47.9%, 27.5%, 19%, 17% and 14.3% respectively.
• ? On univariate analyses, age <60, concomitant low‐grade prostatic adenocarcinoma, absence of metastasis, prostatectomy and radiation therapy were favourable prognostic factors.
• ? In multivariate regression modelling, age, pathology and stage were strong predictors of survival.

CONCLUSIONS

• ? Using the SEER database, we present the largest study describing the epidemiology of primary SCC of the prostate.
• ? We found age, concomitant low‐grade prostatic adenocarcinoma, and stage of the disease to be the strongest predictors of survival for patients with prostatic SCC.
• ? Future studies evaluating a broader range of clinical and molecular markers are needed to refine the prognostic model of this relatively rare disease.