Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy for rectal carcinoma

Postoperative combined modality therapy with radiotherapy and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) chemotherapy is an effective adjuvant approach that reduces locoregional and distant metastatic disease in patients with high-risk rectal carcinoma. However, this approach results in a treatment regimen of at least 6 months’duration. The present prospective study investigates the integration of radiotherapy and 5FU chemotherapy in a protocol designed to minimize toxicity and reduce the overall treatment time. A total of 40 patients with TNM stage II or III disease received postoperative radiotherapy at four fractions per week with weekly 5FU bolus injections delivered on the fifth non-radiotherapy day. Patients also received systemic chemotherapy with leucovorin both before and after pelvic irradiation, with the total treatment duration extending for only 18 weeks. Patients were able to complete radiotherapy in 90% of cases, while the delivery of full-dose chemotherapy was achievable in the vast majority. The incidence of haematologic and gastrointestinal toxicities requiring the cessation of treatment was acceptable. With a median follow-up of 20.9 months among surviving patients, the estimated progression-free and overall survival at 2 years were 71 % and 79%, respectively.     

Survival of colorectal cancer patients in Europe during the period 1978–1989

This study concerns the survival of European patients diagnosed between 1978 and 1989 with colorectal cancer. Variations in survival in relation to age, country and period of diagnosis were examined. Data from the EUROCARE study were supplied by population-based cancer registries in 17 countries to a common protocol. Five years after diagnosis, relative survival rates were 47 and 43% for cancers of the colon and rectum, respectively. Survival decreased with increasing age: the relative risk of dying for the oldest patients (75+) was 1.39 for rectum and 1.54 for colon compared with the youngest patients (15-44 years). In 1985-1989 survival from colorectal cancer differed significantly between different European countries: the Nordic countries (Denmark excluded), The Netherlands, Switzerland, France and Austria were characterised by high survival, whilst Eastern European countries, the U.K. and Denmark were characterised by low survival. There was a general improvement in survival over the period 1978-1989: from 40 to 48% for colon cancer and 38 to 46% for rectal cancer. For neither cancer site did between-country survival differences narrow over the study period. Intercountry and time differences in survival differences are probably related to stage at diagnosis and postoperative mortality.     

放疗加化疗治疗直肠癌术后复发58例临床观察

目的探讨后程适形放疗加化疗治疗术后复发直肠癌的疗效.方法 58例术后复发直肠癌随机分为后程适形放疗加化疗组（适形组）29例,普放加化疗组（对照组）29例.前程采用三野等中心照射40GY,后予适形推量至65～70GY,对照组后程用两斜野照射推量至DT55～60GY,两组均于放疗第一周予FP方案（5-Fu 500mg/m2 d1～5;DDP 30mg/m2 d1～3）化疗一周期,放疗结束后再化疗3～5周期.结果适形组和对照组3年局部控制率分别为65.5%、48.3%（P〈0.05）,适形组和对照组1、3年生存率分别为89.3%、58.6%和82.8%、41.3%（P〈0.05）,中位生存时间分别为30和21个月.毒副反应两组无统计学差异,患者均可耐受.结论后程适形放疗加化疗治疗术后复发直肠癌有较好疗效,毒副反应可耐受,值得推广使用.     

DNA疫苗诱导的小鼠抗肿瘤特异性细胞免疫和体液免疫

目的:检测以双表达质粒pIRES为载体构建的带有全序列癌胚抗原(CEA)基因和IL-2基因的核苷酸疫苗对机体特异性抗肿瘤免疫反应的激活效果。方法:利用分子生物学技术,将CEA基因片段和IL-2基因片段连接于真核双表达质粒pIRES中,用肌内注射方法接种核酸疫苗;检测疫苗在小鼠肌肉组织中的表达情况及其对小鼠脾细胞CEA特异性细胞免疫和体液免疫反应的激活效果。结果:小鼠经肌内注射质粒后,免疫组化证实该核酸疫苗可在体内有效表达CEA分子;免疫检测显示注射后小鼠血清中出现抗CEA抗体,脾细胞IL-4分泌增强,特异性淋巴细胞增值反应明显并伴有自然杀伤细胞NK活性显著增高。结论:实验所构建的核酸疫苗pIRES-CEA,pIRES-IL-2,pIRES-IL-2等可在小鼠体内高效表达并表现出良好的免疫原性。     

直肠癌低位前切除术双吻合器致吻合口瘘原因分析及预防

为研究直肠癌低位前切除术中双吻合器致吻合口瘘的原因,并探讨其预防方法,3年中共应用双吻合器实施直肠癌低位前切除术70例,对发生吻合口瘘者进行分析和总结。结果示,发生吻合口瘘4例,发生率为571%(4/70)。初步研究结果提示,直肠癌低位前切除术双吻合器吻合安全可靠。吻合口瘘的发生原因主要是术中止血不彻底及吻合操作不规范所致。     

骨盆三维重建及测量在直肠癌手术中的应用

目的帮助医生进行诊断、术前预测和实际手术操作,提出一种三维重建、测量的方法。方法利用直肠癌患者的CT扫描结果建立骨盆三维模型,回顾性分析97例中低位直肠癌患者的影像资料,最后进行统计学分析。结果经过对测量数据进行多因素分析,找出几组影响中低位直肠癌保肛手术关键性的解剖限制性因素。结论应用骨盆三维模型可以获得传统骨盆测量学没有提出的解剖径线和空间测量数据,能更加客观地评价骨盆的解剖因素对保肛手术乃至盆腔手术的限制性作用。     

海墨痔疮胶囊的药效学实验研究

目的观察海墨痔疮胶囊对兔直肠粘膜溃疡的治疗作用及急性毒性。方法通过醋酸法致兔直肠粘膜溃疡,海墨痔疮胶囊按高、中、低剂量(600、300、150mg.kg-1.d-1)灌胃给药,以4、7、10d溃疡面直径和完全愈合天数为观察指标,观察治疗溃疡疗效;小鼠一次性灌胃给药20g.kg-1,观察其急性毒性。结果海墨痔疮胶囊高、中两个剂量组和阳性对照组与阴性对照比较灌胃给药后7、10d的溃疡面直径减小、愈合天数缩短,均有统计学意义;急性毒性实验,未见小鼠明显异常。结论海墨痔疮胶囊对兔直肠粘膜溃疡具有较好的治疗作用,且毒性较小。     

Survival for rectal cancer patients and international comparisons.

BACKGROUND: Population-based cancer registry data are important because they reflect routine care, present long-term follow-up, can show differences in treatment, outcomes and health care over time, and can be used for comparisons between regions and countries. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Details of all cancer patients in the Munich region are recorded by the Munich Cancer Registry. Rectal cancer patients with an invasive primary tumor diagnosed between 1996 and 1998 were included in this analysis (n=936). Observed and relative survival are presented. Observed survival was also investigated with a Cox proportional hazards regression model. RESULTS: Median follow-up time of survivors was 5.7 years. Five-year relative survival for the whole sample was 62.2%. International Union Against Cancer (UICC) stage was the most important prognostic factor in the multivariate analysis. Compared with the 1992-1999 Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) data (62.4%), relative survival for each disease stage and the whole sample were very similar. In comparison with other European registries, Munich patients had slightly higher survival rates per stage (for example, 5-year relative survival in UICC III was 58.3% in Munich, 54.6% in South East Netherlands, 33.3% in Modena and 47.4% in Cote d'Or); however, more patients in Munich were in higher disease stages with worse prognoses, indicating poorer early detection. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that treatment of rectal cancer in Munich is good, but early detection could be improved. Cancer registries should publish their population-based stage data to ensure quality of care and provide regular feedback to health-care workers and decision makers. Comparisons between countries without stage data should be conducted cautiously.     

16例直肠腺瘤的CT影像分析

[目的]探讨直肠腺瘤的CT表现.[方法]对16例经病理证实的直肠腺瘤CT表现进行回顾性分析.[结果]16例腺瘤按病理类型分为绒毛状腺瘤,管状绒毛状腺瘤和管状腺瘤,其中8例恶变.CT征象如下:广基生长有8例,窄基带蒂生长的5例,环壁增厚的有4例;向腔内匍匐式或菜花状生长的有10例;占肠周径比率在1/3以下的9例;病灶与直肠壁相贴时留下通气的间隙7例,可作为直肠腺瘤的特征性表现.[结论]一般直肠腺瘤均具有典型的CT表现,术前明确的腺瘤的CT诊断对于手术方式有重要影响.     

老年直肠癌患者腹腔镜根治术与开腹根治术比较

[目的]探讨应用腹腔镜技术治疗老年直肠癌患者的可行性和近期临床疗效.[方法]比较2004年1月至2005年4月,20例行腹腔镜手术的老年直肠癌患者(A组),与30例行开腹根治术的老年直肠癌患者(B组)围手术期的临床资料.[结果]两组术中失血量(A＜B)、手术后胃肠功能和排尿功能恢复时间及住院时间(A＜B),手术时间和住院费用(A＞B)均有显著差异(P＜0.05).两组清扫淋巴结数量无差异(P＞0.05).[结论]腹腔镜根治术和开腹根治术治疗老年直肠癌患者在技术上同样安全可靠.腹腔镜技术更具有创伤小、围手术期出血少、手术后恢复快等突出优点,因而对于老年直肠癌患者可能有更好的应用前景.