自体骨移植在腰椎后路椎间融合中的临床疗效分析

目的探讨腰椎后路手术中应用自体椎板、棘突骨颗粒为植骨材料行椎间融合治疗特殊的腰椎间盘突出症、腰椎管狭窄症及腰椎滑脱症等腰椎退变性疾病的临床效果。方法特殊腰椎间盘突出症、腰椎管狭窄症及腰椎滑脱症并行后路腰椎融合术(PLIF和TLIF)患者184例,按椎间融合材料分为3组,A组61例,单纯自体骨组;B组64例,PEEK椎间融合器组;C组59例,异体骨垫组。平均随访18个月(12~60个月)。统计3组患者术前一般资料、手术时间、术中出血量、术后下床时间、住院天数、术后融合率以及术后椎间高度及融合节段角度的变化情况,按JOA评分标准评价功能恢复情况。结果 3组患者术前一般资料、术中出血量、手术时间、术后下床时间、住院时间、JOA评分、术后1年椎间隙高度及融合节段角度比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);3组患者术后3个月.JOA评分较术前均显著提高(P0.05)。A组术后1年的融合效果高于C组(P0.05);B组术后融合器移位的并发症发生率较高。结论在后路椎间融合中纯自体棘突、椎板骨移植能起到和PEEK融合器和异体骨融合器一样的维持椎间隙高度的作用,不延长术后卧床时间,且具有经济效益。     

腰椎后路内固定融合术后深部感染内固定移除的影响因素分析

目的回顾分析腰椎后路内固定融合术后深部感染的治疗,探讨其内固定移除的影响因素。方法 2008-01-2013-12病区共收治腰椎后路内固定融合术后术区深部感染35例,根据末次随访内固定是否移除分为内固定移除组(13例)和内固定保留组(22例),采用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析内固定移除的影响因素。结果金黄色葡萄球菌及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌为腰椎后路内固定融合术后深部感染最常见病原菌,占40%。单因素分析发现迟发型感染、术中异体输血、清创次数≥3次与内固定移除有关(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示迟发型感染(OR=17.458,95%CI=1.639~185.919)、清创次数≥3次(OR=53.154,95%CI=2.591~1090.417)是腰椎后路内固定融合术后深部感染内固定移除最重要的影响因素。结论腰椎后路内固定融合术后深部感染的治疗,对于迟发型感染及清创次数达到3次时应考虑移除内固定,以利于有效的控制感染。     

高龄腰椎管狭窄症的手术治疗评估策略

目的分析腰椎管狭窄症在高龄人群的临床特点,探讨针对此类患者的手术治疗策略,以期提高手术疗效。方法选择2009-01-2012-01本院治疗的67例65岁以上的高龄腰椎管狭窄症患者,依据导致腰椎管狭窄的病因、分型及合并症情况,分别采取椎板开窗、全椎板切除椎管减压、全椎板切除椎管减压并植骨融合及椎间孔镜微创手术等手术方式,加强围手术期管理,观察症状改善情况。结果 67例患者均手术顺利,安全渡过围手术期,术后67例患者均获得随访,平均18个月。治疗效果优良率86.57%。结论高龄患者出现腰椎管狭窄症具有特殊临床特点,应针对患者的不同情况,采用个体化手术治疗方案,精准减压,减小手术副损伤,重视脊柱稳定性的保护,可取得满意手术效果。     

Bacfuse棘突间撑开装置是否为高龄腰椎管狭窄症患者的又一选择

目的 探讨高龄腰椎管狭窄症患者接受腰椎后路减压+Bacfuse棘突间撑开固定术的疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性分析2015年4月至2016年1月接受腰椎后路减压+ Bacfuse固定融合的70岁以上腰椎管狭窄症患者17例,记录患者一般情况、内科合并症、手术时间、出血量、围术期并发症等,并记录术前术后腰椎JOA评分,行配对t检验.术后3个月复查X线判断腰椎稳定性,并记录内固定有无移位松动表现.结果 本组17例中,男8例,女9例,年龄平均(77.59±4.27)岁.其中14例内科合并症数量在两项以上,平均手术时间(84.41±22.07) min,平均出血量(94.71±88.33)ml.所有患者均行腰椎椎板开窗减压,部分患者切除了椎间盘及下关节突.17例患者共使用Bacfuse 固定28个节段.术中3例患者发生了棘突骨折,1例硬膜撕裂,1例发生术后伤口感染.腰椎JOA评分术前平均(14.71±3.04)分,术后3个月随访平均为(24.59±1.42)分,差异有统计学意义(t=12.16,P=0.00).除1例患者疗效欠佳外,其余患者均满意.术后3个月复查X线示无明显腰椎不稳定、或内固定松动、断裂、移位等.结论 高龄腰椎管狭窄症患者,积极处理内科合并症,大都可以耐受手术.Bacfuse作为一种新型的棘突间撑开器,可以应用于高龄腰椎管狭窄症患者的手术治疗中,在患者适应症选择合适的前提下可以取得良好的临床疗效.     

Which spinal levels are identified by palpation of the iliac crests and the posterior superior iliac spines?

The line joining the superior aspect of the iliac crests posteriorly (the intercristal line) is commonly stated to cross the midline at the L4 or L4-5 spinal level on imaging. This study aimed to assess the spinal level identified through palpation of surface anatomy (iliac crests and posterior superior iliac spines) in adults and the level of agreement compared with the intercristal line identified through imaging. The study participants included consecutive adult patients undergoing prone fluoroscopically guided spinal injections for chronic low back pain at the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham, between April and July 2004. Prior to fluoroscopic imaging, each patient's surface anatomy was palpated by two examiners and lines created to form the palpated intercristal line and the posterior superior iliac spine line. Following imaging, the mid-line spinal levels identified by these palpated lines were recorded and the level of agreement (kappa coefficient) with the intercristal line formed by imaging of the iliac crests was assessed. The results showed that although the L4 or L4-5 spinal levels were identified on imaging of the intercristal line in 86.7% of 75 patients (49 female), the intercristal line formed through palpation tended to identify higher levels; the L3 or L3-4 spinal levels in 77.3% of cases and more commonly in females than in males (85.7 vs. 61.5%) and in patients with higher body mass indices. The level of agreement between the two lines was poor (kappa = 0.05). The posterior superior iliac spine line identified the S2 spinous process in 51% and the S1 in 44% of 60 (45 female) patients. The results suggest that formation of the intercristal line by palpation of the iliac crests identifies different spinal levels to those identified by imaging and that both methods should be regarded as different instruments. In the clinical situation, it may be more appropriate to consider that palpation of the intercristal line is a guide for identifying the L3 or L3-4 spinal levels rather than the L4 or L4-5 levels, particularly in females and patients with higher body mass indices.     

Class A plexin expression in axotomized rubrospinal and facial motoneurons

The semaphorin family of guidance molecules plays a role in many aspects of neural development, and more recently semaphorins have been implicated to contribute to the failure of injured CNS neurons to regenerate. While semaphorin expression patterns after neural injury are partially understood, little is known about the expression of their signal transducing transmembrane receptors, the plexins. Therefore, in this study, we compared the expression patterns of all class A plexins (Plxn-A1, A2, A3, A4) in mouse CNS (rubrospinal) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)-projecting (facial) motoneurons for up to two weeks following axonal injury. Using in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot analysis, in rubrospinal neurons, Plxn-A1 mRNA and protein and Plxn-A4 expression did not change as a result of injury while Plxn-A2 mRNA increased and Plxn-A3 mRNA was undetectable. In facial motoneurons, Plxn-A1, -A3 and -A4 mRNA expression increased, Plxn-A2 mRNA decreased while Plxn-A1 protein expression did not change following injury. We demonstrate that with the exception of the absence of Plxn-A3 mRNA in rubrospinal neurons, both injured rubrospinal (CNS) and facial (PNS) neurons maintain expression of all plexin A family members tested. Hence, there are distinct expression patterns of the individual plexin-A family members suggesting that regenerating rubrospinal and facial motoneurons have a differential ability to transduce semaphorin signals.     

The missing link between action and cognition

The study of the neural correlates of motor behaviour at the systems level has received increasing consideration in recent years. One emerging observation from this research is that neural regions typically associated with cognitive operations may also be recruited during the performance of motor tasks. This apparent convergence between action and cognition - domains that have most often been studied in isolation - becomes especially apparent when examining new complex motor skills such as those involving sequencing or coordination, and when taking into account external (environment-related) factors such as feedback availability and internal (performer-related) factors such as pathology. Neurally, overlap between action and cognition is prominent in frontal lobe areas linked to response selection and monitoring. Complex motor tasks are particularly suited to reveal the crucial link between action and cognition and the generic brain areas at the interface between these domains.     

Adenosine A2A receptors and brain injury: broad spectrum of neuroprotection, multifaceted actions and "fine tuning" modulation

This review summarizes recent developments that have contributed to understand how adenosine receptors, particularly A2A receptors, modulate brain injury in various animal models of neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD), stroke, Huntington's disease (HD), multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and HIV-associated dementia. It is clear that extracellular adenosine acting at adenosine receptors influences the functional outcome in a broad spectrum of brain injuries, indicating that A2A Rs may modulate some general cellular processes to affect neuronal cells death. Pharmacological, neurochemical and molecular/genetic approaches to the complex actions of A2A receptors in different cellular elements suggest that A2A receptor activation can be detrimental or protective after brain insults, depending on the nature of brain injury and associated pathological conditions. An interesting concept that emerges from these studies is A2A R's ability to fine tune neuronal and glial functions to produce neuroprotective effects. While the data presented here clearly highlight the complexity of using adenosinergic agents therapeutically in PD and other neurodegenerative disorders and point out many areas for further inquiry, they also confirm that adenosine receptor ligands, particularly A2A receptor ligands, have many promising characteristics that encourage the pursuit of their therapeutic potential.     

Decomposition of the ERP late posterior negativity: effects of retrieval and response fluency

Negativity elicited by recognized items over posterior sites--the late posterior negativity (LPN)--has been linked to action monitoring, task "uncertainty," and contextual retrieval. Four recognition tests required retrieval of encoding operations. Task fluency was assumed to increase with each block. The responses assigned to the episodic sources were reversed in Block 3 to reduce response fluency. Dissociable LPNs were identified; the 1200-1900-ms LPN was insensitive to task and response fluency and may reflect the maintenance of a retrieved episode. The 600-1200-ms LPN was sensitive to task fluency and may index the search for episodic information. A response-related LPN was sensitive to response fluency and was consistent with an action monitoring role. The findings confirm that the LPN is functionally heterogeneous, and comprises subcomponents sensitive to retrieval fluency, action monitoring, and postretrieval processing respectively.     

Xp11.2易位/TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌的病理特征与临床分析

目的探讨Xp11．2易位／TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌的临床病理特征、免疫表型、鉴别诊断及预后。方法对11例Xp11．2易位／TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌进行光镜观察和免疫组织化学研究及随访10～112个月,并复习相关文献。结果11例肿瘤中女性7例,男性4例。年龄8～26岁,平均16、3岁。肿块直径2．5～6．0cm。光镜下癌组织呈两种结构,一种为腺管状、乳头状、巢状分布。细胞界限清楚,有大量透明或嗜酸性胞质。泡状染色质、核仁明显,沙砾体多见。另一种结构更加紧密,多见实性巢状结构,癌细胞缺乏大量的胞质,核仁不明显,沙砾体少见。免疫表型：本组11例均TFE3、CD10、a-甲酰基-CoA消旋酶（P504s）弥漫表达,细胞广谱角蛋白（CK—pan）、上皮细胞膜抗原（EMA）、波形蛋白仅部分病例表达,所有病例CK7、肾脏特异性钙黏蛋白（Ksp—cadherin）、CD117阴性表达。结论Xp11．2易位／TFE3基因融合相关性肾癌是一种少见肿瘤,诊断主要依据患者的年龄。病理学形态和免疫组织化学TFE3阳性。