Developmental dysplasia of the hip: Controversies and current concepts

Developmental dysplasia of the hip is an important but poorly understood disorder as evidenced by the vast amount of literature published to date on this topic. The precise definition of hip dysplasia is controversial and it encompasses a spectrum of abnormalities, rather than a single condition, which at one end overlap with normal hip maturation. We review the risk factors, clinical examination and radiological imaging of the hip in the infant and young child, the controversies of ultrasound screening for hip dysplasia and the current management, both operative and non‐operative, of this condition according to patient age.     

Fluid and electrolyte balance in children

Intravenous fluid and electrolyte management in paediatrics requires an understanding of the indication for intravenous fluid therapy and the underlying pathophysiology in order to meet requirements and avoid adverse events. Careful consideration needs to be given to the rate as well as the composition of intravenous therapy, and children's ongoing need should be reviewed regularly. Fluid therapy can be separated into maintenance fluids, replacement fluids that address electrolyte deficits and ongoing losses, and resuscitation fluids. We review the critical considerations when prescribing intravenous fluid for children and consider the challenges of non-osmotic secretion of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), hyponatraemic encephalopathy and other electrolyte abnormalities. Fluid management in children with diabetic ketoacidosis is also reviewed.