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991.
José María Bermúdez de Castro Mario Modesto-Mata Laura Martín-Francés Cecilia García-Campos Marina Martínez de Pinillos María Martinón-Torres 《Journal of anatomy》2021,238(1):173-184
The Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos (SH) site has yielded more than 7.500 human fossil remains belonging to a minimum of 29 individuals. Most of these individuals preserve either the complete mandibular molar series or at least the first (M1) and second (M2) molars. The inhibitory cascade mathematical model was proposed by Kavanagh et al. (Nature, 449, 427–433 [2007]) after their experimental studies on the dental development of murine rodent species. The activator–inhibitor mechanism of this model has shown its ability for predicting evolutionary size patterns of mammalian teeth, including hominins. The main aim of this study is to test whether the size molar patterns observed in the SH hominins fit the inhibitory cascade model. With this purpose, we have measured the crown area of all SH molars in photographs, using a planimeter and following techniques used and well contrasted in previous works. Following one of the premises of the inhibitory cascade model, we expect that the central tooth (M2 in our case) of a triplet would have the average size of the two outer teeth. The absolute difference between the observed and the expected values for the M2s ranges from 0.23 to 8.46 mm2 in the SH sample. In terms of percentage, the difference ranges between 0.25% and 10.34%, although in most cases, it is below 5%. The plot of the estimated M3/M1 and M2/M1 size ratios obtained in the SH hominins occupies a small area of the theoretical developmental morphospace obtained for rodent species. In addition, the majority of the values are placed near the theoretical line which defines the relationship predicted by the inhibitory cascade model in these mammals. The values of the slope and intercept of the reduced major regression obtained for the SH individuals do not differ significantly from those obtained for rodent species, thus confirming that the size of the molars of the SH hominins fits the inhibitory cascade model. We discuss these results in terms of dental development. Despite the promising results in the SH sample, we draw the attention to the fact that most Early Pleistocene Homo specimens exhibit a pattern (M1 < M2 > M3), which is outside the expected theoretical morphospace predicted by the inhibitory cascade model. The shift from the M1 < M2 < M3 size relationship observed in early hominins (including H. habilis) to the M1 > M2 > M3 size relationship, which is predominant in modern humans, includes sequences that depart from predictions of the inhibitory cascade model. Additional studies are required to understand these deviations. 相似文献
992.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs exclusively during sleep due to reduced tongue motor activity. Withdrawal of excitatory inputs to the hypoglossal motor nucleus (HMN) from wake to sleep contributes to this reduced activity. Several awake–active neurotransmitters with inputs to the HMN (e.g. serotonin [5-HT]) inhibit K+ leak mediated by TASK-1/3 channels on hypoglossal motoneurons, leading to increased neuronal activity in vitro. We hypothesize that TASK channel inhibition at the HMN will increase tongue muscle activity in vivo and modulate responses to 5-HT. We first microperfused the HMN of anesthetized rats with TASK channel inhibitors: doxapram (75 μM, n = 9), A1899 (25 μM, n = 9), ML365 (25 μM, n = 9), acidified artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF, pH = 6.25, n = 9); and a TASK channel activator terbinafine (50 μM, n = 9); all with and without co-applied 5-HT (10 mM). 5-HT alone at the HMN increased tongue motor activity (202.8% ± 45.9%, p < 0.001). However, neither the TASK channel inhibitors, nor activator, at the HMN changed baseline tongue activity (p > 0.716) or responses to 5-HT (p > 0.127). Tonic tongue motor responses to 5-HT at the HMN were also not different (p > 0.05) between ChAT-Cre:TASKf/f mice (n = 8) lacking TASK-1/3 channels on cholinergic neurons versus controls (n = 10). In freely behaving rats (n = 9), microperfusion of A1899 into the HMN increased within-breath phasic tongue motor activity in wakefulness only (p = 0.005) but not sleep, with no effects on tonic activity across all sleep–wake states. Together, the findings suggest robust maintenance of tongue motor activity despite various strategies for TASK channel manipulation targeting the HMN in vivo, and thus currently do not support this target and direction for potential OSA pharmacotherapy. 相似文献
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994.
目的建立MagA转基因小鼠,为活体MRI成像系统提供重要的实验动物模型。方法采用显微注射法.将MagA基因导入小鼠受精卵,再培育成转基因小鼠并繁殖传代。利用PCR方法鉴定转基因首建鼠及其子代基因型。结果酶切和DNA测序分析证实MagA基因准确克隆表达载体设计位点,目的基因序列与GenBank中MagA序列完全一致。通过PCR分析,进行转基因整合检测。目前转基因小鼠已稳定传代至第5代。结论MagA基因在转基因小鼠中整合,成功建立了MagA转基因小鼠。MagA转基因小鼠将成为MRI影像系统的重要实验动物模型。 相似文献
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996.
《Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery》2021,49(9):775-782
The study aimed at developing a deep-learning (DL)-based algorithm to predict the virtual soft tissue profile after mandibular advancement surgery, and to compare its accuracy with the mass tensor model (MTM).Subjects who underwent mandibular advancement surgery were enrolled and divided into a training group and a test group. The DL model was trained using 3D photographs and CBCT data based on surgically achieved mandibular displacements (training group). Soft tissue simulations generated by DL and MTM based on the actual surgical jaw movements (test group) were compared with soft-tissue profiles on postoperative 3D photographs using distance mapping in terms of mean absolute error in the lower face, lower lip, and chin regions.133 subjects were included — 119 in the training group and 14 in the test group. The mean absolute error for DL-based simulations of the lower face region was 1.0 ± 0.6 mm and was significantly lower (p = 0.02) compared with MTM-based simulations (1.5 ± 0.5 mm).ConclusionThe DL-based algorithm can predict 3D soft tissue profiles following mandibular advancement surgery. With a clinically acceptable mean absolute error. Therefore, it seems to be a relevant option for soft tissue prediction in orthognathic surgery. Therefore, it seems to be a relevant options. 相似文献
997.
Rocío Ramos‐Medina Áurea García‐Segovia Juan A. León Bárbara Alonso Marta Tejera‐Alhambra Juana Gil Juan D. Caputo Ansgar Seyfferth Ángel Aguarón Ángeles Vicente Daniel Ordoñez Jorge Alonso Elena Carrillo de Albornoz Javier Carbone Pedro Caballero Eduardo Fernandez‐Cruz Luis Ortiz‐Quintana Silvia Sánchez‐Ramón 《American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989)》2013,70(1):59-68
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