四种特殊类型胃癌的诊治进展

胃癌除了常见的组织学类型之外,尚可见到一些特殊组织学类型和临床病理特征的病例,如神经内分泌癌、肝样腺癌、淋巴上皮瘤样癌、遗传性弥漫性胃癌等,因其具有特殊的诊治措施及预后,临床工作中我们应予重视.本文就上述四种特殊类型胃癌的诊断、治疗及预后临床进展进行综述.     

Outcome and prognostic factors of multimodal therapy for pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas

Background

There is controversy whether patients diagnosed with large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) should be treated according to protocols for non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) or small cell lung cancers (SCLC), especially with regard to the administration of prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI). This study was set up to determine the incidence of brain metastases and to investigate the outcome following multimodal treatment in 70 patients with LCNEC.

Methods

Seventy patients with histologically confirmed LCNEC were treated at the University Hospital of Heidelberg between 2001 and 2014. Data were collected retrospectively. Al most all patients received thoracic surgery as initial treatment (94 %). Chemotherapy was administered in 32 patients as part of the initial treatment. Fourteen patients were treated with adjuvant or definitive thoracic radiotherapy according to NSCLC protocols. Cranial radiotherapy due to brain metastases, mostly given as whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), was received by fourteen patients. Statistical analysis was performed using the long-rank test and the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

Without PCI, the detected rate for brain metastases was 25 % after a median follow-up time of 23.4 months, which is comparable to NSCLC patients in general. Overall (OS), local (LPFS), brain metastases-free survival (BMFS) and extracranial distant progression-free survival (eDPFS) was 43, 50, 63 and 50 % at 5 years, respectively. Patients with incomplete resection showed a survival benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy. The administration of adjuvant chemotherapy improved the general worse prognosis in higher pathologic stages.

Conclusion

In LCNEC patients, the administration of radiotherapy according to NSCLC guidelines appears reasonable and contributes to acceptable results of multimodal treatment regimes. The low incidence of spontaneous brain metastases questions a possible role of PCI.     

The immune system as the sixth sense

One of the truly remarkable discoveries in modern biology is the finding that the nervous system and immune system use a common chemical language for intra- and inter-system communication. This review will discuss some of the pivotal results that deciphered this chemical language. Specifically the nervous and immune systems produce a common set of peptide and nonpeptide neurotransmitters and cytokines that act on a common repertoire of receptors in the two systems. The paper will also review more recent studies that have delineated hardwired and humoral pathways for such bidirectional communication. This is discussed in the context of the idea that the sharing of ligands and receptors allows the immune system to serve as the sixth sense that notifies the nervous system of the presence of entities, such as viruses and bacteria, that are imperceptible to the classic senses. Lastly, this review will suggest ways to apply the newfound knowledge of the sixth sense to understand a placebo effect and to treat human disease.     

Analysis of the factors affecting lymph node metastasis and the prognosis of rectal neuroendocrine tumors

Objective: To analyze the factors affecting lymph node metastasis and the prognosis of rectal neuroendocrine tumors after surgical treatment. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using the clinical data from 156 cases of rectal neuroendocrine tumors during the period of January 1999 to December 2013. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to calculate the survival time, Cox regression analysis was performed for statistical analysis of clinicopathological factors that may be associated with lymph node metastasis and prognosis, and correlation analysis was carried out using binary logistic regression. Results: The overall 5-year survival rate of the entire group was 95.7%. Multivariate analysis showed that the depth of invasion was an independent prognostic factor (P < 0.001). The incidence of lymph node metastasis was 7.7% (12/156), and logistic regression analysis showed that lymph node metastasis was related to the depth of invasion (P = 0.003) and tumor diameter (P = 0.006). Conclusion: The surgical approach of rectal neuroendocrine tumors should be selected based on a comprehensive consideration of factors such as tumor size, depth of invasion and lymph node metastasis.     

Lung ultrasound—a new diagnostic modality in persistent tachypnea of infancy

Lung ultrasound (LUS) has been increasingly used in diagnosing and monitoring of various pulmonary diseases in children. The aim of the current study was to evaluate its usefulness in children with persistent tachypnea of infancy (PTI). This was a controlled, prospective, cross‐sectional study that included children with PTI and healthy subjects. In patients with PTI, LUS was performed at baseline and then after 6 and 12 months of follow‐up. Baseline results of LUS were compared to (a) baseline high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) images, (b) LUS examinations in control group, and (c) follow‐up LUS examinations. Twenty children with PTI were enrolled. B‐lines were found in all children with PTI and in 11 (55%) control subjects (P < .001). The total number of B‐lines, the maximal number of B lines in any intercostal space, the distance between B‐lines, and pleural thickness were significantly increased in children with PTI compared to controls. An irregularity of the pleural line was found in all patients with PTI and in none of the healthy children. There were no significant changes in LUS findings in patients with PTI during the study period. The comparison of HRCT indices and LUS findings revealed significant correlations between the mean lung attenuation, skewness, kurtosis and fraction of interstitial pulmonary involvement, and the number of B‐lines as well as the pleural line thickness. LUS seems to be a promising diagnostic tool in children with PTI. Its inclusion in the diagnostic work‐up may enable to reduce the number of costly, hazardous, and ionizing radiation‐based imaging procedures.     

伴有胰管梗阻的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤影像学表现及误诊原因分析

目的：分析伴有胰管梗阻的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤（pNENs）的影像特征及误诊情况。 方法：回顾性分析25例伴有胰管梗阻的pNENs,由2名高年资影像诊断医师统计资料并总结其影像学表现及误诊原因。 结果： 25名患者共26个病灶纳入研究,包括G1级病灶6例,G2级19例,G3级1例,病灶平均大小为2.5±1.7cm（0.4—9.1cm）。主胰管轻度扩张12例（46.2%）,中度扩张8例（30.8%）,显著扩张6例（23.1%）。17例（65.4%）病灶上游胰腺实质重度萎缩,6例（23.1%）上游胰腺实质中度萎缩,1例（3.8%）上游胰腺实质轻度萎缩,2例（7.7%）肿瘤上游胰腺实质未见萎缩。术前26个病灶14例（53.8%）正确诊断为pNENs,8例（30.8%）误诊为胰腺癌,2例（7.7%）误诊为胰腺实性假乳头状瘤,1例（3.8%）误诊为胰腺导管内乳头状粘液瘤,1例（3.8%）误诊为胰腺浆液性囊腺瘤。误诊原因主要为：病灶表现不典型,对疾病的不典型表现认识不足,影像细节观察不到位,未完整结合患者临床资料。 结论：伴有胰管梗阻的pNENs有时与其它胰腺肿瘤的鉴别诊断存在难度,熟悉该病不典型表现、细心观察影像细节同时密切结合临床症状分析有助于减少误诊,提高该病的诊断正确率。     

Microbial endocrinology: Host-microbiota neuroendocrine interactions influencing brain and behavior

The ability of microorganisms, whether present as commensals within the microbiota or introduced as part of a therapeutic regimen, to influence behavior has been demonstrated by numerous laboratories over the last few years. Our understanding of the mechanisms that are responsible for microbiota-gut-brain interactions is, however, lacking. The complexity of the microbiota is, of course, a contributing factor. Nonetheless, while microbiologists approaching the issue of microbiota-gut-brain interactions in the behavior well recognize such complexity, what is often overlooked is the equal complexity of the host neurophysiological system, especially within the gut which is differentially innervated by the enteric nervous system. As such, in the search for common mechanisms by which the microbiota may influence behavior one may look for mechanisms which are shared by both host and microbiota. Such interkingdom signaling can be found in the shared production of neurochemical mediators that are found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The study of the production and recognition of neurochemicals that are exactly the same in structure to those produced in the vertebrate organisms is known as microbial endocrinology. The examination of the microbiota from the vantage point of host-microbiota neuroendocrine interactions cannot only identify new microbial endocrinology-based mechanisms by which the microbiota can influence host behavior, but also lead to the design of interventions in which the composition of the microbiota may be modulated in order to achieve a specific microbial endocrinology-based profile beneficial to overall host behavior.     

肺的神经内分泌肿瘤主要的放射学表现

目的探讨在一系列的原发性神经内分泌肿瘤(NTLs)病例的关键影像学表现,特别是CT表现。方法分析评估22例病理诊断确诊的(NTLs)患者(12例男性,平均年龄60岁)影像学表现,描述侧重于计算机体层摄影在观察到的变化。结果 5个典型类癌、3个非典型类癌、3个大细胞神经内分泌癌(LCNCs)和11个小细胞肺癌(SCLCs)。只有一个典型类癌特征表现为中央支气管结节合并远端肺不张,而其他表现为的肺结节或肿块;非典型类癌对应了外围混杂密度肿块;3个LCNCs有一个是周围的均质肿块,其他则是边界不清和混杂密度;11个SCLCs对应了中央的、浸润的和非均质肿块及继发的肺及胸膜改变,钙化未在LGNCs和SCLCs表现。LCNCs和SCLCs的所有病例均在较早及后续随访观察发现转移。结论虽然一些成像特点可能类似,但影像学表现与临床信息可能在分别NTLs的组织学类型的发挥相关作用。     

嗜铬素A和突触素对胃肠胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤诊断及预后的临床价值

目的 探讨胃肠胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤(GEP-NET)组织中嗜铬素A(CgA)和突触素( Syn)的表达及临床意义.方法 收集2003年1月至2009年5月南京医科大学第一附属医院收治的66例GEP-NET患者.免疫组织化学法分析CgA、Syn在GEP-NET组织中的表达情况及其与GEP-NET临床病理特征、预后间的关系.结果 66例患者中Syn的阳性率为87.9％(58/66),高于CgA[71.3％ (47/66),x2=5.63,P=0.02].64.6％(42/66)的患者同时表达CgA和Syn.GEP-NET组织中CgA的表达与肿瘤淋巴结转移及TNM分期有关,但与患者性别、年龄、发病部位、功能状态、分化程度、肿瘤大小、浸润范围及远处转移均无关.Syn与上述所有参数均无关.CgA阴性组3年生存率为47％,明显低于阳性组(78％,x2=0.00,P=0.01).结论 Syn诊断GEP-NET的敏感度高于CgA,CgA对GEP-NET预后判断有一定的指导意义.