Carcinomas of the colon with multidirectional differentiation

Summary Two cases of colonic carcinomas with multidirectional differentiation are presented. Both tumors showed light microscopic and immunohistochemical evidence of areas of adenocarcinomatous, squamous cell carcinomatous, and neuroendocrine differentiation. Only six similar cases have been previously reported. These highly malignant tumors support the recent concept of a multipotential stem cell within the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract capable of differentiation in several directions.     

The role of mRNA splicing in prostate cancer

Alternative splicing （AS） is a crucial step in gene expression. It is subject to intricate regulation, and its deregulation in cancer can lead to a wide array of neoplastic phenotypes. A large body of evidence implicates splice isoforms in most if not all hallmarks of cancer, including growth, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis, angiogenesis, and metabolism. AS has important clinical implications since it can be manipulated therapeutically to treat cancer and represents a mechanism of resistance to therapy. In prostate cancer （PCa） AS also plays a prominent role and this review will summarize the current knowledge of alternatively spliced genes with important functional consequences. We will highlight accumulating evidence on AS of the components of the two critical pathways in PCa： androgen receptor （AR） and phosphoinositide 3-kinase （PI3K）. These observations together with data on dysregulation of splice factors in PCa suggest that AR and PI3K pathways may be interconnected with previously unappreciated splicing regulatory networks. In addition, we will discuss several lines of evidence implicating splicing regulation in the development of the castration resistance.     

血清嗜铬粒蛋白A水平与无功能性胰腺神经内分泌瘤肝转移的关系

目的 探讨血清嗜铬粒蛋白A(CgA)水平与无功能性胰腺神经内分泌瘤(pNETs)肝转移肿瘤负荷及患者预后的关系.方法 回顾性分析2011年12月至2013年12月复旦大学附属中山医院收治的64例无功能性pNETs肝转移患者的临床资料.39例患者具有临床和随访资料,25例患者仅有临床资料.64例患者中,58例具有尚未发生肝转移时的血清CgA水平资料,51例具有已发生肝转移时的血清CgA水平资料.采用门诊方式进行随访,患者出院后每3～6个月定期复查实验室和影像学检查.患者血清CgA水平升高或降低程度≥50％治疗肝转移瘤前的血清CgA水平,定义为血清CgA水平升高或降低,其余定义为血清CgA水平稳定.随访时间截至2014年3月.采用ELISA法检测血清CgA.CT检查三维重建测定肝转移肿瘤负荷.采用国际实体瘤疗效评价标准评价无功能性pNETs肝转移患者疗效.将完全缓解和部分缓解归为治疗缓解,疾病稳定归为疾病稳定,疾病进展和肿瘤复发归为疾病进展.计量资料用M(P25,P75)表示,计数资料检验采用Fisher确切概率法,计量资料多组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis检验,两两比较采用Mann-Whitney检验,采用Spearman等级相关分析进行相关性检验.结果 无功能性pNETs肝转移患者血清CgA水平为94.8 μg/L(67.4 μg/L,181.4 μg/L),显著高于尚未发生肝转移时的血清CgA水平59.9 μg/L(39.1μg/L,88.5 μg/L),两者比较,差异有统计学意义(Z=-3.96,P＜0.05).无功能性pNETs肝转移患者血清CgA水平与无功能性pNETs肝转移肿瘤负荷呈正相关(r=0.486,P＜0.05).39例具有临床和随访资料的患者中35例获得完整随访,中位随访时间为10个月.14例治疗缓解的患者中,血清CgA水平降低和稳定患者比例分别为11/14和3/14;12例疾病稳定的患者中,血清CgA水平降低、稳定和升高的患者比例分别为4/12、7/12和1/12;9例疾病进展的患者中,血清CgA水平稳定和升高患者比例分别为2/9和7/9.3种不同疗效的患者血清CgA水平降低和升高患者比例比较,差异均有统计学意义(F =11.02,18.82,P＜0.05);血清CgA水平稳定患者比例比较,差异无统计学意义(F=5.68,P＞0.05).治疗缓解的患者血清CgA水平降低患者比例显著高于其余两种疗效的患者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);疾病进展的患者血清CgA水平升高患者比例显著高于其余两种疗效的患者,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 高血清CgA水平可能提示无功能性pNETs患者发生肝转移,疗效不佳.血清CgA水平越高,可能提示肝转移肿瘤负荷越大.     

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor with splenic vein tumor thrombus: A case report

INTRODUCTION

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNET) are rare, often indolent malignancies. PNET are classified as functional or nonfunctional based on the secretion of hormones without a negative feedback loop; the latter account for up to 60% of PNET. Although PNET are associated with a better prognosis compared to pancreatic adenocarcinomas, they are often diagnosed in advanced stages, making them a significant source of morbidity for patients. Here we present a rare case of venous tumor thrombus arising from a nonfunctional PNET.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

A 44-year-old woman was referred for evaluation and treatment of a possible tail of pancreas PNET discovered during work-up for a 9 year history of intermittent subcostal pain. Previous endoscopic ultrasound with fine needle aspiration revealed a 3.5 cm × 3 cm mass, with cytological diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumor. Patient was scheduled for laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy. During surgery the mass was found to encase the splenic vein leading the surgeon to perform an en bloc distal pancreatectomy and splenectomy. Pathologic analysis revealed a 1.8 cm × 5 cm tumor thrombus lodged in the splenic vein.

DISCUSSION

Nonfunctional PNET usually present in advanced stages and can be associated with venous tumor thrombi. Preoperative imaging may not accurately predict the presence of venous tumor thrombi.

CONCLUSION

En bloc resection of primary tumor, involved organs and thrombus is the recommended treatment option and often results in long term survival. New multi-modality strategies are needed for detection of venous involvement in nonfunctional PNET to better assist with preoperative planning and counseling.     

高分化直肠神经内分泌肿瘤的临床病理特征及预后分析

目的 探讨高分化直肠神经内分泌肿瘤(RNET)的临床病理特征及预后。方法 回顾性分析2017年8月-2021年12月在该院住院治疗的83例高分化RNET患者的临床资料,包括：临床表现、内镜检查、内镜下治疗、术后并发症、术后病理、随访情况和预后。以2019年世界卫生组织(WHO)确定的消化系统肿瘤分类为标准,根据病理分期,将83例患者分为G₁期组(72例)和G₂期组(11例);根据患者瘤体数,将83例患者分为单发RNET组(77例)和多发RNET组(6例);比较两种分组之间嗜铬粒蛋白A(CgA)、突触素(Syn)和CD56的表达情况。结果 根据病理结果分组时,G₁期组CgA阳性率明显高于G₂期组,差异有统计学意义(χ²=4.23,P=0.040);根据瘤体数分组时,多发RNET组CgA阳性率明显高于单发RNET组,差异有统计学意义(χ²=5.74,P=0.017);Syn和CD56在以上两种分组中比较,差异均无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。结论 高分化...