Molecular Mobility of Protein in Lyophilized Formulations Linked to the Molecular Mobility of Polymer Excipients,as Determined by High Resolution 13C Solid-State NMR

Purpose. The mobility of protein molecules in lyophilized protein formulations was compared with that of excipient molecules based on the spin-lattice relaxation time (T₁) of each molecule determined by high resolution ¹³C solid-state NMR. The relationship between molecular mobility and protein stability is discussed. Methods. Protein aggregation of lyophilized bovine serum --globulin (BGG) formulation containing dextran was measured by size exclusion chromatography. The T₁ of the BGG carbonyl carbon and dextran methin carbon in the formulation was determined by high resolution ¹³C NMR, and subsequently used to calculate the correlation time (_C) of each carbon. The spin-spin relaxation time (T₂) of BGG and dextran protons was measured by pulsed NMR spectrometry, and the critical temperature of appearance of Lorentzian relaxation due to liquid BGG and dextran protons (T_mc) was determined. Results. The _C of dextran methin carbon in BGG-dextran formulations exhibited a linear temperature dependence according to the Adam-Gibbs-Vogel equation at lower temperatures, and a nonlinear temperature dependence described by the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher equation at higher temperatures. The temperature at which molecular motion of dextran changed was consistent with the T_mc. The _C of BGG carbonyl carbon exhibited a similar temperature dependence to the _C of the dextran methin carbon and substantially decreased at temperatures above T_mc in the presence of dextran. The temperature dependence of BGG aggregation could be described by the Williams-Landel-Ferry equation even at temperatures 20°C lower than T_mc. Conclusions. High resolution ¹³C solid-state NMR indicated that the molecular motion of BGG was enhanced above T_mc in association with the increased global segmental motion of dextran molecules.     

参麦冻干剂对猫心肌梗死的保护作用

目的:评价参麦冻干剂型用于心肌梗死猫心肌保护作用的有效性。方法:采用冠状动脉结扎法制备猫心肌梗死模型。随机将动物分为心肌梗死模型组(给予4ml/kg生理盐水)、参麦冻干剂大剂量组(1.76g/kg)、参麦冻干剂小剂量组(0.88g/kg)、参麦注射液组(0.88g/kg)和硝酸甘油组(0.44mg/kg)5组。观察各组动物平均动脉压(MAP)、6个胸前导联ST段抬高的总和(ΣST)、室性心律失常发生数、血清中肌酸激酶(CK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性及心肌梗死范围的影响。结果:参麦冻干剂能增加心肌梗死猫的MAP,降低ΣST和心律失常发生数,缩减心肌梗死范围,降低CK和LDH活性,与心肌梗死模型组比较,上述各指标差异均有显著性(P<0.05或P<0.01);与参麦注射液和硝酸甘油组比较差异均无显著性。结论:参麦冻干剂能改善心肌梗死猫的心功能,对受损的心肌具有保护作用。     

梓葛冻干粉针剂对人脐静脉内皮细胞体外缺血再灌注模型损伤的保护作用

目的:研究中药单体组方梓葛冻干粉针剂对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)体外缺血再灌注模型损伤的保护作用。方法:体外培养HUVECs,采用氧糖剥夺(Krebs液)方法建立缺氧-复氧模型以模拟体内缺血再灌注损伤。分为正常组、模型组、尼莫地平组、梓葛低、中、高剂量组,复氧时正常组及模型组给予生理盐水,余组给予相应的药物干预后,测定细胞活力、细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、一氧化氮(NO)含量、细胞外乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量;分析细胞凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3的表达。结果:与正常组相比,模型组A值、SOD活性显著性降低(P<0.05);MDA和NO含量以及LDH释放量均显著性升高(P<0.05),Caspase-3和Bax蛋白表达显著升高,Bcl-2蛋白表达显著下降,Bcl-2/Bax显著降低(P<0.01)。与模型组比较,梓葛低剂量组A值显著升高(P<0.05);梓葛低、中剂量组MDA和LDH含量显著降低(P<0.05),Bcl-2蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);梓葛低剂量组NO含量显著降低(P<0.05);梓葛冻干粉针剂的各剂量组SOD活性均显著提高(P<0.05),Bax蛋白水平显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01),Bcl-2/Bax均显著提高(P<0.05,P<0.01);梓葛中、高剂量组Caspase-3蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.01)。结论:梓葛冻干粉针剂可显著拮抗缺氧-复氧对人脐静脉内皮细胞的损伤,其机制与抑制细胞自由基的产生、提高抗氧化能力及调节凋亡相关蛋白表达密切相关。     

c/000冷冻真空抽干BAMG的生物学特性

目的：评价冷冻后真空抽干的膀胱脱细胞基质（（bladder acellular matrix graft,BAMG））的生物学特性。方法：将传统处理的BAMG（对照组）及冷冻后真空抽干的BAMG（实验组）分别通过HE、Masson染色、扫描电镜及力学测定研究其理化性质;采用兔膀胱平滑肌细胞作为种子细胞,通过细胞黏附实验、细胞活力测定（MTT法）、皮下埋植实验对两种BAMG的生物学特性进行评价比较。结果：经HE及Mason染色证实两种BAMG无细胞成分残留,保持较完整的胶原成分;电镜扫描表面均呈裂隙状结构,以胶原为主,适合细胞黏附;力学检测实验组BAMG保持了原来BAMG的力学特征,且具有更好的拉伸率;MTT法测定细胞毒性均为零级;与膀胱平滑肌细胞均有良好的黏附性;兔皮下埋植1个月,均与皮下组织黏附良好,有肌肉黏附及血管增生。结论：经冻干后真空抽干的BAMG具有良好可操作性及拉伸率,且保持了原有的生物相容性,制作简单,是理想的组织工程生物支架。     

胎盘组织液-同种异体冻干骨与同种异体冻干骨修复颌骨缺损的对照

背景：研究证实,冻干和辐照灭菌的同种异体骨是理想的骨移植材料,不仅具有良好的生物相容性、生物力学特性,而且还保留骨基质中的骨形态发生蛋白和构成形态发生蛋白所必须的一些酶类,具有一定的骨诱导能力。 目的：观察胎盘组织液-同种异体冻干骨修复犬的人工颌骨缺损效果,以同种异体冻干骨为对照。 设计、时间及地点：对比观察性实验,于2007-12/2008-09在哈尔滨医科大学动物实验中心完成。 材料：健康杂种成年犬8只;同种异体冻干骨由湖北联结生物材料有限公司提供;胎盘组织液为广东珠海丽珠制药厂产品,2 mL/支。同种异体冻干骨∶胎盘组织液=(4.0~5.0)∶1。 方法：在犬上、下中切牙、尖牙、第一磨牙根尖相对应的颌骨处分别建立直径1.0 cm类半球型上下颌骨缺损模型共96个实验区,实验组选择大小合适的同种异体冻干骨及骨颗粒按比例浸泡在胎盘组织液呈饱和状,阳性对照组亦将大小合适的同种异体冻干骨及骨颗粒浸泡在生理盐水液呈饱和状,分别放入颌骨缺损处并添满,阴性对照组不植入任何材料。每只犬的实验区均由4个实验组材料、4个阳性对照组材料、4个阴性对照组材料组成。 主要观察指标：术后2,4,8,12周取材进行放射线学和组织学观察。 结果：实验组早期以软骨内化骨为主,晚期以膜内化骨为主,有明显的新骨形成,并与周围骨组织连接良好;阳性对照组可见新生骨,与周围骨组织连接欠佳;阴性对照组骨缺损区中央尚未被骨小梁充满。经组织学测定,术后2,4,8,12周实验组成骨量均高于其他两个对照组,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05,P < 0.01)。 结论：胎盘组织液-同种异体冻干骨复合材料能够积极地促进颌骨缺损的修复并有效缩短修复时间。     

脾氨肽口服冻干粉治疗小儿反复呼吸道感染的疗程与疗效相关性研究

目的 观察不同疗程脾氨肽口服冻干粉对小儿反复呼吸道感染(RRI)者免疫功能的影响及临床疗效.方法 120例RRI患儿随机分为两组:A组66例服用2个月脾氨肽口服冻干粉,B组54例服用1个月脾氨肽口服冻干粉,治疗前后分别测定患儿T细胞亚群、免疫球蛋白及补体等变化情况.结果 两组总有效率分别为87.87%和83.33%,组...     

紫杉醇透明质酸冻干制剂的制备和药动学研究

目的以透明质酸为载体材料制备紫杉醇透明质酸冻干制剂,并考察冻干制剂在大鼠体内的药动学。方法采用乳匀-冻干法制备冻干制剂;以透射电子显微镜观察其粒子形态;建立冻干制剂及其在血浆中紫杉醇的HPLC分析方法;以紫杉醇注射剂为对照,测定冻干制剂10mg/kgiv给药后,大鼠体内的药动学参数。结果在冻干制剂中,紫杉醇以球形包覆于透明质酸基质中;在溶液中,分散成平均粒径为80nm的包覆微球;大鼠iv冻干制剂和紫杉醇注射剂的药物浓度-时间曲线符合二室模型,其药动学参数AUC分别为(37.68±6.36μg·h/mL和(27.54±5.88)μg·h/mL;CL分别为(0.26±0.04)h-1和(0.38±0.07)h-1。结论透明质酸可能成为一种新的抗癌药物载体。     

注射用益气复脉(冻干)安全性评价

目的 通过豚鼠离体回肠模型及小鼠类致敏实验评价注射用益气复脉（冻干,YQFM）的安全性。方法 建立豚鼠离体回肠模型,依次考察0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.2、1.4、1.6 mg/mL质量浓度的YQFM对静息离体肠、乙酰胆碱（Ach）及组胺（His）诱导的离体肠收缩的抑制率;雄性ICR小鼠随机分为阴性对照组,阳性对照组（C48/80,25 mg/kg）,YQFM低、高剂量（780、3 135 mg/kg,分别为临床等效剂量的0.85和3.43倍）组,分为尾iv含0.4%伊文思蓝（EB）的药液及不含0.4% EB的药液两部分进行体内类致敏反应实验,依次比较各组小鼠耳廓蓝染情况;ELISA法测定血清中His和5-羟色胺（5-HT）的含量;并对耳、肺组织进行HE染色及病理检查。结果 体外实验显示,YQFM既能够抑制离体肠的自主收缩,又能抑制Ach和His导致的离体肠痉挛;体内实验表明,YQFM低剂量组耳廓蓝染率,His、5-HT含量均在正常范围,组织病理检查未见明显异常;3.43倍临床等效剂量时耳廓蓝染率,His、5-HT含量略高,病理结果见轻微炎症反应。结论 YQFM的安全性基本良好,临床使用时需对使用剂量稍加注意,以防轻微不良反应发生。     

三七总皂苷脂质体微丸的制备

目的:制备三七总皂苷脂质体微丸.方法:以包封率为考察指标,大豆磷脂-胆固醇、水相-有机相,药物质量浓度,脂类用量为考察因素,通过正交设计优选三七总皂苷脂质体冻干粉的处方工艺,采用塑制法制备三七总皂苷脂质体微丸.结果:三七总皂苷脂质体冻干粉的最佳处方工艺为大豆磷脂-胆固醇(6∶1),水相-有机相(1∶4),药物质量浓度20 g·L-1,磷脂用量150 mg.制备的脂质体微丸溶解后脂质体的平均粒径220.5 nm,Zeta电位-71.21 mV,1h内溶出度达81.41％.结论:制备的三七总皂苷脂质体微丸体外溶出度较高,脂质体的粒径分布较好、质量稳定.     

Usefulness of the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts Stretched Exponential Function to Describe Protein Aggregation in Lyophilized Formulations and the Temperature Dependence Near the Glass Transition Temperature

Purpose. We studied the feasibility of using the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts stretched exponential function (KWW equation) to describe protein aggregation in lyophilized formulations during storage. Parameters representing mean aggregation time (_a) and stretched exponential constant (_a) were calculated according to the KWW equation by assuming that the time required for protein molecules to aggregate () varies because of the fact that protein aggregation occurs at a rate that depends on the degree of protein deformation resulting from stresses created during freeze-drying. The temperature dependence of the parameters near the glass transition temperature was examined to discuss the possibility of predicting protein aggregation by accelerated testing. Methods. Protein aggregation in lyophilized bovine serum -globulin (BGG) formulations containing dextran or methylcellulose, at temperatures ranging from 10 to 80°C, was followed by size-exclusion chromatography. Results. Non-exponential BGG aggregation in lyophilized formulations could be described by the KWW equation. The _a and _a parameters changed abruptly around the NMR relaxation-based critical mobility temperature for formulations containing dextran and methylcellulose. In the glassy state, in contrast, the _a parameter of these formulations exhibited continuous temperature dependence. The parameter , as calculated from _a and _a, reflected differences in values between the two excipients. Conclusions. The results indicate that the parameter _a is reflective of physical changes wihtin lyophilized formulations. Within the temperature range, during which no abrupt changes in _a were observed, knowledge regarding the _aand _a parameters allows the rate of protein aggregation to be predicted. The parameter was found to be useful in comparing the protein aggregation behavior of formulations having different _a and _a values.