羟考酮诱导喉罩通气在腹腔镜胆囊切除手术中的应用

目的 评价羟考酮在腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中行喉罩全麻诱导的有效性、安全性以及对术后恢复质量的影响。方法 收集择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除手术患者60例,年龄25~65岁,BMI 18~25 kg/m²,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为舒芬太尼组（S组）和羟考酮组（O组）（每组30例）。S组静脉注射舒芬太尼0.25 μg/kg、依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg诱导喉罩置入术后行机械通气,O组静脉注射羟考酮0.25 mg/kg、依托咪酯0.3 mg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg诱导喉罩置入术后行机械通气;术中静脉泵注丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。记录诱导前（T0）、插喉罩前（T1）、插喉罩后1 min（T2）、气腹（T3）和切胆囊时（T4）的MAP和HR;评估两组患者拔喉罩后5 min（T5）,1 h（T6）,4 h（T7）,8 h（T8）,12 h（T9）的疼痛视觉模拟量表评分（VAS）;记录手术时间、苏醒时间、拔喉罩时间、丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼的用量、术后肛门首次排气时间以及术中对降压药和术后对镇痛药的需求例数。记录两组患者不良反应的发生情况。结果 两组MAP的变化趋势不同（P<0.05）,与T0时比较,S组T1,2时MAP降低（P<0.05）,T3,4时MAP升高（P<0.05）,O组T1,2,3,4时MAP均降低（P<0.05）,与S组比较,T3,4时O组MAP较低（P<0.05）;T1,2,3,4时两组患者HR与T0时比较均降低（P<0.05）,但两组HR变化趋势无差异;两组患者静息和咳嗽时VAS评分的变化趋势均不同（P<0.05）,两种状态下O组VAS评分均低于S组（P<0.05）,并且O组术中降压药、术后镇痛药使用减少（P<0.05）,术后肛门排气时间缩短（P<0.05）;恶心呕吐及呛咳减少（P<0.05）。结论 0.25 mg/kg羟考酮诱导行喉罩通气下腹腔镜胆囊切除手术安全有效,与等效剂量的舒芬太尼相比,有利于术中循环稳定和术后病人的转归。     

超声引导前路腰方肌阻滞对腹腔镜胆囊切术患者术后镇痛效果的影响

目的 观察超声引导前路腰方肌阻滞对腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者术后镇痛效果的影响。方法 随机选择我院2018 年11 月～2019 年1 月择期行腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者70 例,按随机数字表法分为前路腰方肌阻滞组（Q组）和对照组（C 组）,每组35 例。Q 组患者术前行双侧前路腰方肌阻滞,每侧注射0.375%罗哌卡因20 mL,术中行全身麻醉;C 组患者行单纯全身麻醉。术后均连接吗啡静脉自控镇痛泵。记录患者术后1 h、2 h、6 h、12 h 和24 h静息痛和运动痛的VAS 评分,评估患者的镇静状态,记录术后吗啡用量和不良反应发生情况。结果 与C 组相比,Q 组患者术后2 h、6 h、12 h 的静息痛VAS 评分和各个随访时间点的运动痛VAS 评分显著下降（P<0.05）。Q 组患者术后24 h 内吗啡用量显著少于C 组（P＜0.05）,且术后恶心呕吐发生率较C 组显著下降（P＜0.05）。结论 超声引导前路腰方肌阻滞可改善腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者术后镇痛效果,减少吗啡用量,术后并发症少。     

False Aneurysm of the Hepatic Artery after Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Purpose: A rare complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy is defined: iatrogenic injuries to hepatic artery system which may evolve to pseudoaneurysms in the late postoperative period. This rare phenomenon may be overlooked and pose a challenge to surgeons.

Material and methods: We will describe three cases with iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

The onset of symptoms and the course of the disease was not uniform. Diagnosis was made after a considerable delay. In the first case, a small, uncomplicated extrahepatic pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated with coil embolization. The second patient who had an intrahepatic pseudoaneurysm with multiple injuries to the common bile duct and portal vein, did not survive despite surgical and endovascular interventions. In the latter, surgical treatment for a large pseudoa-neurysm that had ruptured into the liver parenchyma was successfully conducted.

Review of the literature reveals fifty-four more cholecystectomy-related pseudoaneurysms. The site of injury was the right hepatic artery in 61% of the cases and the presenting symptom was upper gastrointestinal bleeding (haemobilia) in two-third of the patients. Embolization was performed in 82% of the cases, and surgery was undertaken in the remaining 18%.

Conclusion: Pseudoaneurysm is an uncommon complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Prompt attention is necessary since the lesion has a high risk of rupture. Embolization is the first line of treatment and surgery is reserved for more complex injuries and cases with life-threatening rupture of the aneurysm.     

Treatment and surveillance of polypoid lesions of the gallbladder in the United Kingdom

Objectives

The increase in the routine use of abdominal imaging has led to a parallel surge in the identification of polypoid lesions in the gallbladder. True gallbladder polyps (GBP) have malignant potential and surgery can prevent or treat early gallbladder cancer. In an era of constraint on health care resources, it is important to ensure that surgery is offered only to patients who have appropriate indications. The aim of this study was to assess treatment and surveillance policies for GBP among hepatobiliary and upper gastrointestinal tract surgeons in the UK in the light of published evidence.

Methods

A questionnaire on the management of GBP was devised and sent to consultant surgeon members of the Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons (AUGIS) of Great Britain and Ireland with the approval of the AUGIS Committee. It included eight questions on indications for laparoscopic cholecystectomy and surveillance based on GBP (size, number, growth rate) and patient (age, comorbidities, ethnicity) characteristics.

Results

A total of 79 completed questionnaires were returned. The vast majority of surgeons (>75%) stated that they would perform surgery when a single GBP reached 10 mm in size. However, there was a lack of uniformity in the management of multiple polyps and polyp growth rate, with different surveillance protocols for patients treated conservatively.

Conclusions

Gallbladder polyps are a relatively common finding on abdominal ultrasound scans. The survey showed considerable heterogeneity among surgeons regarding treatment and surveillance protocols. Although no randomized controlled trials exist, national guidelines would facilitate standardization, the formulation of an appropriate algorithm and appropriate use of resources.     

Evaluation of Hemodynamic Changes Using Different Intra-Abdominal Pressures for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Biliary diseases known since ages constitute major portion of digestive tract disorders world over. Among these cholelithiasis being the fore runner causing general ill health, thereby requiring surgical intervention for total cure. The study was undertaken in an attempt to compare the hemodynamic changes in patient undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy using different intra-abdominal pressures created due to carbon dioxide insufflation. The patients were randomly allocated to one of the three groups in which different levels of intra-abdominal pressures (8–10 mmHg,11–13 mmHg and 14 mmHg and above) were maintained. The base line parameters monitored were heart rate, non invasive blood pressur(systolic and mean)and end tidal carbon dioxide. All the parameters were monitored at various intervals i.e. Immediately during insufflation, 5 min, 10 min, 20 min, 30 min after CO2 insufflation and after every 10 min if surgery exceeds 30 min, at exsufflation,10 min after CO2 exsufflation. Patients were ventilated with Pedius Drager Ventilator keeping tidal volume 8–10 ml/kg and respiratory rate 12–14 breaths/min. During surgery patients were placed in reverse Trendlenburg position (head up) at 15 °. The results obtained were evaluated statistically and analyzed. Baseline characteristics were found to be comparable. Hemodynamic variables were reported as mean and standard deviation. Statistical significance among groups was evaluated using Analysis of Variance and unpaired student t test (two tailed). Inter-group comparisons were made using Bonferroni test. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. In all the three groups the mean heart rate (baseline 84.08 ± 12.50, 87.96 ± 15.73 and 86.92 ± 17.00 respectively) increased during CO2 insufflation and the rise in heart rate continued till exsufflation after which it decreased and at 10 min after exsufflation the heart rates were comparable with the baseline. The inter-group comparison of mean heart rate between I & III was statistically significant at 10, 20, 30 min after CO2 insufflation which continued at exsufflation and 10 min after CO2 exsufflation [p < 0.05]. The inter-group comparison between I & III showed statistically significant difference in systolic blood pressure at 10, 20, 30 min after CO2 insufflation, at exsufflation and 10 min after exsufflation [p = 0.0001] and mean arterial pressure at 5, 10, 20, 30 min after CO2 insufflation, at exsufflation and 10 min after exsufflation [p = 0.0001]. Comparison between Group I and Group III & between Group II and Group III showed highly significant statistical difference in EtCO2 immediately after insufflation and the same trend was seen till the completion of surgery and even 10 min after exsufflation [p = 0.001]. The conclusion drawn from the study was that laparoscopic cholecystectomy induces significant hemodynamic changes intraoperatively, the majority of pathophysiological changes are related to cardiovascular system and are caused by CO2 insufflation .A high intra-abdominal pressure due to CO2 insufflation is associated with more fluctuations in hemodynamic parameters and increased peritoneal absorption of CO2 as compared to low intraabdominal pressure so low pressure pneumoperitoneum is feasible for laparoscopic cholecystectomy and minimizes the adverse hemodynamic effects of CO2 insufflation.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12262-012-0484-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

右美托咪啶静脉复合麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床观察

目的：观察右美托咪啶复合瑞芬太尼行静脉麻醉用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Lc）的麻醉效果及术中知晓情况。方法：择期行Lc患者240例,随机分均为右美托咪啶组（D组）和丙泊酚组（P组）。D组给以右美托咪啶复合瑞芬太尼和顺阿曲库铵麻醉诱导和维持,P组则以丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼和顺阿曲库铵行麻醉诱导和维持。记录麻醉诱导、插管及腹腔充气的心血管反应;记录术中用药、术后恢复情况以及患者的满意度。并调查术中知晓发生率。结果：D组患者的麻醉诱导和气管插管未见血压明显变化,腹腔充气血压升高（P〈0．01）,拔管后血压降低（P〈0．01）;P组患者麻醉诱导后血压降低（P〈0．01）。D组麻醉和手术过程心率降低（P〈0．01）而P组心率保持不变。P组清醒拔管时间均少于D组（P〈0．05）。D组阿托品和乌拉地尔的使用较多（P〈0．01）,麻黄碱使用较少（P〈0．05）。D组术后即时镇痛（P〈0．01）、恶心呕吐发生率少于P组（P〈0．05）。结论：右美托咪啶复合瑞芬太尼麻醉效果确切、安全,是腹腔镜胆囊切除术麻醉选择方法之一,术中注意右美托咪啶诱导给药速度、加强心率监护和管理,且无术中知晓发生。