Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in cirrhosis: An exhaustive critical update

More than five decades after it was originally conceptualized as rescue therapy for patients with intractable variceal bleeding, the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt(TIPS) procedure continues to remain a focus of intense clinical and biomedical research. By the impressive reduction in portal pressure achieved by this intervention, coupled with its minimally invasive nature, TIPS has gained increasing acceptance in the treatment of complications of portal hypertension. The early years of TIPS were plagued by poor long-term patency of the stents and increased incidence of hepatic encephalopathy. Moreover, the diversion of portal flow after placement of TIPS often resulted in derangement of hepatic functions, which was occasionally severe. While the incidence of shunt dysfunction has markedly reduced with the advent of covered stents, hepatic encephalopathy and instances of early liver failure continue to remain a significant issue after TIPS. It has emerged over the years that careful selection of patients and diligent post-procedural care is of paramount importance to optimize the outcome after TIPS. The past twenty years have seen multiple studies redefining the role of TIPS in the management of variceal bleeding and refractory ascites while exploring its application in other complications of cirrhosis like hepatic hydrothorax, portal hypertensive gastropathy, ectopic varices, hepatorenal and hepatopulmonary syndromes, non-tumoral portal vein thrombosis and chylous ascites. It has also been utilized to good effect before extrahepatic abdominal surgery to reduce perioperative morbidity and mortality. The current article aims to review the updated literature on the status of TIPS in the management of patients with liver cirrhosis.     

垂盆草苷对幼龄肝内胆汁淤积大鼠的作用机制

研究垂盆草苷(sarmentosin,SA)对幼龄肝内胆汁淤积大鼠的干预和调节作用。将48只SD幼龄大鼠随机分为正常组(Control)、α-萘异硫氰酸酯(ANIT)组(Model)、熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)阳性对照组、垂盆草苷低、中、高剂量组,每组8只,除正常组外,各组大鼠连续1周分别灌胃给予相应药物,每日1次。在第5 d灌胃给予80 mg/kg ANIT造模。在造模后48 h测定大鼠的胆汁流量;测定大鼠血清中丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的活性和总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、总胆汁酸(TBA)的含量;检测肝脏组织病理变化和组织匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的含量;测定血清中肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、γ-干扰素(INF-γ)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)的表达;Western blot法分析胆汁酸转运蛋白与合成蛋白。与正常组相比,模型组胆汁流量受到明显的抑制;大鼠肝组织出现明显的病理损伤;血清中ALT、AST、ALP、TBIL、DBIL、TBA水平显著升高;组织匀浆中MDA含量显著升高,SOD和GSH-Px含量显著降低;炎症因子TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-1β的表达升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);FXR、SHP-1、SHP-2、MREP2、BSEP、NTCP蛋白表达下降,CYP7A1、CYP27A1蛋白表达升高。与模型组相比,垂盆草苷各剂量组大鼠的胆汁流量呈现不同程度的增加;大鼠肝脏组织的病理损伤有所改善;血清中ALT、AST、ALP、TBIL、DBIL、TBA水平降低;肝脏组织匀浆中MDA的含量降低,SOD、GSH-Px的含量升高(P<0.05,P<0.01);TNF-α、IFN-γ、IL-1β的表达降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);结果表明垂盆草苷对于胆汁淤积有一定的治疗效果,其中垂盆草苷高剂量的作用效果与UDCA组相当,同时垂盆草苷可上调FXR、SHP-1、SHP-2、MREP2、BSEP、NTCP蛋白表达,下调CYP7A1、CYP27A1蛋白表达,说明垂盆草苷通过调控相关蛋白发挥作用。垂盆草苷对ANIT所致的SD幼龄大鼠肝内胆汁淤积有明显的干预和调节作用。可能是通过参与胆汁酸的转运与合成发挥其治疗作用。     

妊娠肝内胆汁淤积症孕妇围生期母婴结局与TBil和DBil水平及其比值变化的研究

目的 探究血清总胆红素（TBil）和直接胆红素（DBil）比值变化与妊娠肝内胆汁淤积孕妇围生期母婴结局的关系。方法 选取2012年1月—2017年8月在中国医科大学附属盛京医院进行治疗的妊娠合并肝内胆汁淤积的孕妇100例作为研究对象。根据孕妇体内DBil和TBil的比值,分为观察Ⅰ组（0.50～0.75）和观察Ⅱ组（>0.75）,每组50例。以同期50例健康孕妇作为对照组,观察各组患者体内TBil、DBil和胆汁酸（TBA）水平及各组母婴并发症及结局情况。结果 观察Ⅱ组血清TBA、TBil和DBil水平高于观察Ⅰ组和对照组（P?<0.05）,观察I组的血清TBA、TBil和DBil水平高于对照组（P?<0.05）;两组孕妇的结局,观察I组的剖宫产分娩发生率、产后出血发生率均低于观察Ⅱ组,产后出血量少于观察Ⅱ组（P?<0.05）;新生儿结局（早产、胎儿窘迫、羊水污染、新生儿窒息和出生体重）,观察Ⅰ组均优于观察Ⅱ组（P?<0.05）。结论 血清TBil和DBil可反映妊娠妇女早期肝内胆汁淤积情况,通过血清DBil和TBil的比值可以及早判断病情,及时干预,在改善围生期母婴结局上具有一定意义。     

基于奥马哈系统延续护理对经颈静脉肝内门体分流术后肝硬化患者生活质量和负性情绪的影响

目的探讨基于奥马哈系统延续护理对经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)后肝硬化患者的生活质量及负性情绪的影响。方法选取我院2015年6月～2018年6月间收治入院行TIPS术的肝硬化患者共120例。应用随机数字表法将患者分为观察组和对照组,对照组55例患者接受常规护理干预,观察组65例患者在常规护理的基础上出院后实施基于奥马哈系统的延续护理干预。评估护理干预后两组患者的生活质量指数、焦虑及抑郁评分。结果观察组的生活质量指数均高于对照组(P0.01);两组患者出院后1个月以及3个月观察组的SAS和SDS总评分与对照组比较,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论基于奥马哈系统延续性的护理干预能够有效改善经颈静脉肝内门体分流术(TIPS)后肝硬化患者出院后的生活质量,缓解焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪。     

肝静脉与门静脉的解剖及其在经颈静脉肝内门体分流术中的应用

目的：探讨肝静脉与门静脉的解剖及在经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）中的应用。方法：在PUBMED、CNKI及维普等数据库中,查阅近年来国内外有关肝静脉、门静脉的正常解剖与变异及其在TIPS中应用的文献,进行分析总结。结果：肝静脉系统主要由肝右静脉、肝中静脉、肝左静脉3支组成,肝左静脉发生变异最多,肝中、右静脉变异相对少见。门静脉在肝门处进入肝脏,以分为左支和右支两主干这一类型居多,其解剖形态因地区、种族等因素而有差异。肝静脉和门静脉呈向后向上与向前向下的空间关系,经典TIPS是从肝右静脉距下腔静脉入口约2cm处向门静脉分叉部或右支内穿刺建立分流道。结论：肝静脉、门静脉的正常解剖与变异及其空间关系对顺利完成TIPS的操作至关重要。熟悉肝静脉、门静脉正常解剖和变异可提高TIPS的成功率,减少和避免并发症的发生。     

妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症患者胎盘组织白细胞介素10和肿瘤坏死因子α及细胞因子信号传导负调控因子3的表达

目的 探讨细胞因子信号传导负调控因子3 (SOCS3)、白细胞介素10 (IL-10)及肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)在妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)孕妇胎盘组织中的表达及其意义. 方法 选择2010年10月至2011年5月在新疆医科大学第一附属医院产科剖宫产分娩的ICP孕妇37例为病例组,选择同期健康孕妇35例为对照组.采用Envision免疫组织化学法测定IL-10、TNFα在孕妇胎盘组织中的定位与表达水平,Western blot测定胎盘组织中SOCS3的表达水平.组间比较采用t检验,等级资料采用秩和检验,变量间的相关性采用Spearman相关分析.结果 (1)IL-10、TNFα在两组孕妇胎盘组织中均有表达,在病例组中,IL-10的表达低于对照组(Z=-2.626,P＜0.01),而TNFα的表达则高于对照组(Z=-4.350,P＜0.01).(2)SOCS3在两组孕妇胎盘组织中均有表达,病例组的表达水平低于对照组(t=-2.214,P＜ 0.05).且其下降与IL-10呈正相关(r=0.494,P＜0.01),与TNFα呈负相关(r=-0.472,P＜0.01).结论 ICP患者母胎界面Th1型细胞因子TNFα表达增加,而Th2型细胞因子IL-10表达降低,存在Th1偏移.SOCS3可能通过影响细胞因子平衡而参与了ICP的发病.     

Clinical outcome and predictors of survival after TIPS insertion in patients with liver cirrhosis

AIM:To determine the clinical outcome and predictors of survival after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPS) implantation in cirrhotic patients. METHODS:Eighty-one patients with liver cirrhosis and consequential portal hypertension had TIPS implantation (bare metal) for either refractory ascites (RA) (n= 27) or variceal bleeding (VB) (n = 54). Endpoints for the study were:technical success, stent occlusion and stent stenosis, rebleeding, RA and mortality. Clinical records of patients were collected and analysed. Baseline characteristics [e.g., age, sex, CHILD score and the model for end-stage liver disease score (MELD score), underlying disease] were retrieved. The Kaplan-Meier method was employed to calculate survival from the time of TIPS implantation and comparisons were made by log rank test. A multivariate analysis of factors influencing survival was carried out using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. Results were expressed as medians and ranges. Comparisons between groups were performed by using the Mann-Whitney Utest and the χ 2 test as appropriate. RESULTS:No difference could be seen in terms of age, sex, underlying disease or degree of portal pressure gradient (PPG) reduction between the ascites and the bleeding group. The PPG significantly decreased from 23.4 ± 5.3 mmHg (VB) vs 22.1 ± 5.5 mmHg (RA) before TIPS to 11.8 ± 4.0 vs 11.7 ± 4.2 after TIPS implantation (P = 0.001 within each group). There was a tendency towards more patients with stage CHILD A in the bleeding group compared to the ascites group (24 vs 6, P = 0.052). The median survival for the ascites group was 29 mo compared to 60 mo for the bleeding group (P = 0.009). The number of radiological controls for stent patency was 6.3 for bleeders and 3.8 for ascites patients (P = 0.029). Kaplan-Meier calculation indicated that stent occlusion at first control (P = 0.027), ascites prior to TIPS implantation (P = 0.009), CHILD stage (P = 0.013), MELD score (P = 0.001) and those patients not having undergone liver transplantation (P = 0.024) were significant predictors of survival. In the Cox regression model, stent occlusion (P = 0.022), RA (P = 0.043), CHILD stage (P = 0.015) and MELD score (P = 0.004) turned out to be independent prognostic factors of survival. The anticoagulation management (P = 0.097), the porto-systemic pressure gradient (P= 0.460) and rebleeding episodes (P = 0.765) had no significant effect on the overall survival. CONCLUSION:RA, stent occlusion, initial CHILD stage and MELD score are independent predictors of survival in patients with TIPS, speaking for a close follow-up in these circumstances.     

MRCP在肝内胆管黏液性肿瘤诊断与可切除性评估中的应用

由于肝内胆管黏液性肿瘤（MPIBT）的胆管内存在大量胶冻样黏液,影像学检查如超声、腹部CT、经皮肝胆管穿刺等难以在术前明确诊断,MRCP检查较少用于MPIBT评估肿瘤可切除J生。回顾J生分析2004年1月至2012年12月福建省立医院收治的10例行手术治疗并经病理检查证实的MPIBT患者的临床资料,探讨MRCP检查在术前明确MPIBT诊断及评估肿瘤可切除性中的作用。肝内胆管不对称性扩张和远离肿瘤的肝内外胆管扩张而无肝外胆管的突然截断是MPIBT的MRCP检查最主要特征。MRCP检查示病灶侧扩张胆管与相对正常胆管的交界线为肿瘤与正常胆管黏膜的移行处,从而术前判断MPIBT能否被切除以及采取适当的手术方式。根据术前手术规划,5例患者接受根治性的手术切除,5例行姑息性胆道引流。MRCP检查作为一种非侵袭性技术,是术前明确MPIBT的诊断与评估肿瘤可切除性的有效手段。