老年人腰椎和髋部骨密度测定T评分的一致性比较

目的 探讨老年人腰椎和髋部双能X线骨密度(DEXA)测定T评分的一致性及髋部骨密度(BMD)T评分在骨质疏松诊断中的意义。方法 在排除患有影响骨量的疾病及使用影响骨代谢药物者后，选择60-89岁老年人260(其中男123人，女137人)例作为为研究对象。受检者均接受问卷调查、胸腰段脊椎正侧位X线摄片，DEXA测定2-4腰椎(L2-4)椎体前后位和左髋部BMD(若左髋部发生过骨折或存有明显病变则改测右髋部)，并进行有关统计分析。结果 老年男性各年龄组L2-4 BMD T评分比髋部要高(P＜0．01或P＜0.05)；老年女性除在65—69岁、85—89岁年龄组腰椎BMD T评分比髋部要高(P＜0．01和P＜0.05)外，其余各组则差异无显著性。按照WHO标准，以髋部、腰椎和同时以髋部、腰椎BMD T评分为依据，在123例男性中，分别有19、6、5人被诊断为骨质疏松症；在137例女性中，则分别有35、17、14人被诊断为骨质疏松症；单以腰椎和同时以髋部、腰椎BMD T评分为依据所检出的骨质疏松症患者人数均少于单以髋部BMD T评分为依据者(P＜0．01)。结论 在老年人尤其是老年男性，其腰椎BMD T评分明显高于髋部，腰部BMD T评分在骨质疏松诊断中的意义更为重要。     

急性症状性骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折分型及其可信度检验和临床应用效果评价

目的建立急性症状性骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折(ASOTLF)分型系统,并进行可信度检验及临床应用效果评价。方法采用回顾性病例系列研究分析2016年1月至2018年12月西安交通大学附属红会医院收治的1293例骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折(OTLF)患者临床资料,其中男514例,女779例;年龄57~90岁[(71.4±6.3)岁]。骨密度T值为-5.0~-2.5 SD[(-3.1±-0.4)SD]。根据临床症状和骨折影像学特征,将ASOTLF分为4型:Ⅰ型(隐匿型)、Ⅱ型(压缩型)、Ⅲ型(爆裂型)和Ⅳ型(不稳定型),其中Ⅱ型分为ⅡA型、ⅡB型、ⅡC型3个亚型,Ⅲ型分为ⅢA型、ⅢB型2个亚型。其中Ⅰ型75例(5.8%),ⅡA型500例(38.7%),ⅡB型134例(10.4%),ⅡC型97例(7.5%),ⅢA型442例(34.2%),ⅢB型27例(2.1%),Ⅳ型18例(1.4%)。首先,对3名观察者共计3000次评估分型的可信度进行检测;其次,根据分型采用不同的治疗方法:Ⅰ型采用后路经皮椎体成形术(PVP)治疗,Ⅱ型采用体位复位+PVP治疗,ⅢA型、ⅢB型分别采用经皮椎体后凸成形术(PKP)和后路切开复位减压植骨融合钉道强化内固定术治疗,Ⅳ型采用后路(减压)复位植骨融合钉道强化内固定术治疗。比较总体患者及各型患者术前、术后1个月及末次随访时观察视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)、局部Cobb角及椎体后凸角(椎体角),并记录Framkel分级情况和并发症。结果患者均获随访24~43个月[(29.9±5.1)个月]。观察者间可信度平均总体κ值为0.83,观察者内可信度平均总体κ值为0.88。总体患者术前VAS、ODI分别为(5.8±0.7)分、72.5±6.6,术后1个月分别为(1.8±0.6)分和25.0±6.3,末次随访时分别为(1.5±0.6)分和19.5±6.2(P均<0.05)。总体患者术前Cobb角及椎体角分别为13(7,20)°和7(5,10)°,术后1个月分别为8(4,11)°和4(3,6)°,末次随访时分别为9(5,12)°和5(4,8)°(P均<0.05)。各分型末次随访时VAS、ODI、Cobb角及椎体角均较术前明显改善(P均<0.05)。1例Ⅳ型、5例ⅢB型患者出现脊髓压迫症状,术前Frankel分级为C级1例,D级5例,末次随访时均恢复为E级(P<0.05)。3例Ⅳ型、22例ⅢB型患者出现下肢放射痛、麻木等症状,给予椎管减压、椎体强化内固定术治疗后,末次随访时仅有3例患者存在浅感觉减退,其余患者均完全恢复。结论本研究提出了ASOTLF分型,其可信度较高。根据分型采用相应治疗方法均取得较为满意的临床疗效,说明该分型对于临床治疗方法选择具有一定的指导意义。     

Validity of the assessment method of skeletal maturation by cervical vertebrae: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objectives:

To perform a systematic review with meta-analysis to answer the question: is the cervical vertebrae maturation index (CVMI) effective to replace hand–wrist radiograph (gold standard) in determining the pubertal growth spurt in patients undergoing bone growth?

Methods:

A search in three databases was performed, in which studies were selected that compared one of the two main assessment methods for cervical vertebrae (Hassel B, Farman AG. Skeletal maturation evaluation using cervical vertebrae. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1995; 107: 58–66, or Baccetti T, Franchi L, McNamara JA Jr. An improved version of the cervical vertebral maturation (CVM) method for the assessment of mandibular growth. Angle Orthod 2002; 72: 316–23) to a carpal assessment method. The main methodological data from each of the texts were collected and tabulated after. Later, the meta-analysis of the correlation coefficients obtained was performed.

Results:

19 articles were selected from an initial 206 articles collected. Regardless of the method used, the results of the meta-analysis showed that every article selected presented a positive correlation between skeletal maturation assessment performed by cervical vertebrae and carpal methods, with discrepancy of values between genders indicating higher correlation for the female gender (0.925; 0.878) than for the male (0.879; 0.842). When the assessment was performed without gender separation, correlation was significant (0.592; 0.688) but lower in the cases when genders were separated.

Conclusions:

With the results of this meta-analysis, it is safe to affirm that both CVMIs used in the present study are reliable to replace the hand–wrist radiograph in predicting the pubertal growth spurt, considering that the highest values were found in female samples, especially in the method by Hassel and Farman.     

Transsacral screw safe zone size by sacral segmentation variations

Variations in sacral segmentation may preclude safe placement of transsacral screws for posterior pelvis fixation. We developed a novel automated 3D technique to determine the safe zone size for transsacral screws in the upper two sacral segments in 526 adult pelvis computed tomography scans. Safe zone sizes were then compared by gender and sacral segmentation variations (number of neuroforamen and the presence/absence of lumbosacral transitional vertebrae, ±LSTV). Ten millimeters was used as the safety threshold for a large screw. 3 (0.6%), 366 (70%), and 157 (30%) sacra had 3, 4, or 5 neuroforamen, respectively. Eighty‐eight (17%) were +LSTV. Safe zone size depended on gender, number of neuroforamen in −LSTV sacra and presence of LSTV (p < 0.001) but not on the uni‐ or bilateral nature of the LSTV. 17% of −LSTV sacra were below the safety threshold in S1, 27% in S2, whereas 3% of +LSTV sacra were below in S1, 74% in S2. Of −LSTV sacra that cannot take an S1 screw safely, 77% can do so in S2, leaving only 4% of sacra that cannot accommodate a screw safely in either upper segment. The results demonstrate a predictable pattern of safe zone size based on gender and sacral segmentation variations. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:277–282, 2015.

     

两种不同固定方式并椎间融合治疗腰椎双节段病变的临床对比研究

目的:通过与双侧椎弓根螺钉固定并椎间融合器植骨方法对比,探讨单侧椎弓根螺钉联合对侧经皮椎板关节突螺钉固定并椎间融合器植骨方法治疗腰椎双节段病变的优缺点。方法:选择2009年6月至2011年12月分别采用上述两种固定方法治疗的腰椎双节段病变49例,男17例,女32例,其中单侧椎弓根螺钉联合瞄准器引导下经皮对侧椎板关节突螺钉固定并椎间融合器植骨组(A组)23例,双侧椎弓根螺钉固定并椎间融合器植骨组(B组)26例。腰椎间盘突出伴椎管狭窄症29例,腰椎间盘退变17例,腰椎退行性滑脱(Ⅰ度)3例;L_2,3、L_3,4 1例,L_3,4、L_4,5 30例,L_4,5、L₅S₁ 18例。对比两组病例切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流液量。根据影像资料对比两组病例手术前后病变节段椎间隙高度的变化、腰椎冠状面和矢状面Cobb角变化,观察椎弓根螺钉、椎板关节突螺钉有无松动、断裂,以及椎间融合器有无移位,评价椎间融合情况。采用视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)对腰部切口疼痛进行评分。术前、末次随访采用JOA下腰痛评分系统,评价两组病例的功能恢复情况。结果:术后切口无感染及皮肤坏死。术中、术后未出现脑脊液漏,未出现马尾或神经根损伤以及下肢神经根功能恶化现象。两组病例切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量和术后切口引流液量对比,A组优于B组。术后72 h,VAS评分A组为2.35±1.20,B组3.11±1.00,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).所有患者获随访,时间12～48个月,平均29个月。所有患者椎间隙高度获得良好的恢复,并有良好的维持,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).未出现椎板关节突螺钉或椎弓根螺钉松动、移位、断裂,亦未出现椎间融合器移位现象。末次随访时两组病例的腰椎冠状面和矢状面Cobb角均获得良好的改善,两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).融合率A组为93.5%,B组为96.2%,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).末次随访时JOA评分均较术前改善(P<0.01),两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:与双侧椎弓根螺钉固定相比,单侧椎弓根螺钉联合瞄准器引导下经皮对侧椎板关节突螺钉固定并椎间融合器植骨方式治疗腰椎双节段病变具有切口小、创伤小、操作简单、稳定性好、融合率高、恢复快等优点,可作为部分腰椎双节段病变病例固定融合的较好选择。     

Dynesys动态稳定系统治疗多节段腰椎退变性疾病的中远期临床疗效观察

目的:探讨Dynesys动态中和内固定系统治疗多节段腰椎退变性疾病的中远期临床疗效。方法:对2008年12月至2011年5月采用Dynesys系统治疗的多节段腰椎间盘突出症和多节段腰椎管狭窄症28例患者进行回顾性分析。其中男16例,女12例;年龄27～75岁,平均49.1岁。多节段腰椎间盘突出症13例,L₃-L₅ 7例,L₂-L₄ 1例,L₄-S₁ 5例;多节段腰椎管狭窄症15例,L₃-L₅ 10例,L₂-L₅ 4例,L₂-S₁ 1例。所有患者腰腿痛和(或)间歇性跛行症状经正规保守治疗6个月以上无效。记录手术前后患者的腰腿部疼痛视觉模拟评分(Visual analogue scale,VAS),通过影像学资料观察固定节段及头侧邻近节段的椎间隙高度和椎间活动度,采用Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry Disability Index,ODI)对疗效进行评定。结果:28例患者均顺利完成手术,且均获得随访,随访时间38～65个月,平均50.6个月。末次随访时腰腿痛VAS评分分别为1.25±0.70和1.29±0.89,ODI为(25.10±6.52)%,腰腿痛VAS评分及ODI较术前有明显下降(p<0.05).术后随访固定节段椎间隙高度较术前有所升高,椎间活动度下降,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(p<0.05).术前及术后各随访时间点头侧邻近节段活动度、椎间隙高度差异无统计学意义(p>0.05).结论:Dynesys治疗多节段腰椎退变性疾病中远期临床疗效满意,能保留部分椎间活动度,对邻近节段影响小。Dynesys远期临床疗效还有待更长时间的随访观察。     

胸腰椎管内神经鞘膜瘤影像学表现和手术治疗的临床观察

目的:探讨胸腰段神经鞘膜瘤的影像学特点和手术治疗效果。方法:自2005年6月至2012年12月,手术治疗胸腰椎管内神经鞘膜瘤17例,其中男11 例,女6 例;年龄46～67 岁,平均53 岁;病程3～5 年,平均3.3 年。胸段患者表现为胸背痛,逐渐出现下肢麻木无力或行走不稳;腰段表现为腰背痛,下肢放射痛或感觉麻木,以及间歇性跛行。术前VAS评分 (疼痛视觉模拟标尺法) 5～8分,平均6.12分。11例患者神经功能受损,Frankel C级4例,D级5例,E级2例。CT和MRI检查提示病变部位:胸段3例,胸腰段5例,腰段3例,腰骶段6例;硬膜外5例,髓外硬膜下12例。6例单纯行椎管减压、肿瘤切除术,11例行椎管减压、肿瘤切除及后路内固定植骨融合术。结果:术中未发生大血管或脊髓损伤,术后伤口均正常愈合。17例患者术后均获随访,时间12～60 个月,平均32个月。胸背痛、腰背疼痛和下肢放射痛等显着改善,下肢麻木感明显缓解。末次随访VAS评分 0～3分,平均1.5分。神经功能受损患者末次随访Frankel分级:D级5例,E级6例。结论:MRI 是胸腰段神经鞘膜瘤有效的辅助诊断方法,影像学表现决定具体手术方法,手术目的是椎管有效减压、肿瘤彻底切除和脊柱稳定性的重建。     

三维运动捕捉技术在颈椎整复手法中肢体运动轨迹的在体研究

目的:通过三维运动捕捉与分析系统,采集与分析手法运动数据,归纳肩、肘、膝和踝关节运动特点。方法:由1位施术者在头部、躯干、左右肩峰、肘关节内外侧、腕关节内外侧、前臂外侧、上臂外侧、髂前上棘、髂后上棘、股骨大转子、胫骨结节、内外侧膝、腓骨小头、内外侧踝、足跟、双侧大腿、小腿胫骨外侧以及第1、2、5跖骨头、粘贴光标,对1位受试者完成1次颈椎“骨错缝、筋出槽”治疗的右手手法操作周期,重复5次,对施术者右侧肩、肘、膝和踝关节运动轨迹进行捕捉、记录、计算和分析。结果:手法操作过程中4个关节运动轨迹的趋势一致,其中肘关节的离散度最为明显。肩关节和肘关节的三维活动度明显,而膝关节和踝关节相对较小,然而膝关节的屈伸活动明显大于旋转和侧弯活动。结论:石氏伤科颈椎整复手法的上肢关节灵活性较高,而下肢关节的稳定性是重要保证,其中同侧膝关节通过屈伸活动来辅助上肢发力;红外线三维运动捕捉与分析系统建立的手法模型可以为教学和基础研究提供新的研究思路。     

Does clinical experience affect the reproducibility of cervical vertebrae maturation method?

Objective:To assess interobserver and intraobserver reproducibility of the cervical vertebrae maturation method (CVMM) among three panels of judges with different levels of orthodontic experience (OE).Materials and Methods:Fifty individual lateral cephalograms of good quality with complete visualization of cervical vertebrae 1 to 4 were selected. Thirty clinicians, divided according to their OE into three groups (junior group, JU, OE ≤ 1 year; postgraduate group, PG, 2 ≤ OE ≤ 4 years; specialist group, SP, OE ≥ 7 years), evaluated the cephalograms in two sessions (T₁ and T₂) at 3 weeks apart. Kendall''s W and weighted Cohen''s kappa (κ) coefficients were performed to assess interobserver and intraobserver agreement. The level of significance was set as P < .05. For both the interobserver and the intraobserver datasets, the percentage of perfect agreement (PPA) and the number of stages apart for each disagreement were calculated.Results:Kendall''s W at T₁ was SP  =  0.61, PG  =  0.70, and JU  =  0.87; at T₂ it was SP  =  0.78, PG  =  0.85, and JU  =  0.86. The percentage of total interobserver perfect agreement (Inter-PPA) was 42.3% at T₁ and 46.3% at T₂. The JU group had the highest Cohen''s κ coefficient at 0.78, while the PG and SP had coefficients of 0.64 each. The percentage of total intraobserver perfect agreement (Intra-PPA) was 54.2%.Conclusions:The reproducibility of the method was not improved by the level of orthodontic experience. The group with the lowest level of orthodontic experience had the best performance.