垂体后叶素对咯血患者血钠影响的临床分析

目的：分析垂体后叶素对咯血患者血钠影响的临床特点。方法：收集2006年10月至2009年10月首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院急诊重症监护室应用垂体后叶素治疗咯血患者的临床资料,进行回顾性分析。结果：共有14例咯血患者应用垂体后叶素治疗。垂体后叶素的用量为3～5 U,加入0.9%氯化钠注射液20 mL中缓慢静脉推注,之后用垂体后叶素6～12 U＋0.9%氯化钠注射液250 mL缓慢静脉滴注,止血后改为垂体后叶素6～12 U＋0.9%氯化钠注射液250 mL静脉滴注,维持12～24 h后停药。4例患者使用垂体后叶素1d后止血遂停药,血钠无变化。使用垂体后叶素2～12 d止血后停药的10例患者出现低钠血症[由入院时（137.4±1.3）mmol/L降至（124.9±5.6）mmol/L,P〈0.05]。10例患者中男性4例,女性6例,年龄47～79岁,平均62岁。其中9例（用药时间2～9 d,平均4 d）表现为恶心、呕吐、头晕及疲乏,垂体后叶素平均累计总用量为57（24～108）U/人,为轻度低钠血症;1例（用药时间12 d）表现为反应迟钝和昏睡,垂体后叶素累计总用量为124 U,停用垂体后叶素后出现一过性多尿,为重度低钠血症。对低钠血症患者用3%～4%氯化钠注射液静脉滴注补钠治疗,患者血钠由（124.9±5.6）mmol/L升至（138.1±1.2）mmol/L（P〈0.05）。经止血和补钠治疗,所有患者康复出院。结论：使用垂体后叶素治疗咯血应密切监测患者临床表现和血钠变化;已经止血并出现低钠血症者应停用垂体后叶素并给予对症治疗。     

EVEREST study: Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan

Acute heart failure syndromes are a common cause of emergency department visits and hospitalization in North America and Europe. Although in-hospital mortality is relatively low, the postdischarge mortality and rehospitalization rates can be as high as 10–15 and 30%, respectively, within 60–90 days following discharge. It appears that the main reason for admission and readmission for heart failure is related to congestion manifested by dyspnea, jugular venous distension and edema. Often, congestion is associated with dilutional hyponatremia that is difficult to treat. Hyponatremia is an important predictor of increased mortality and the available therapies to treat congestion and/or hyponatremia are often ineffective and/or unsafe. Accordingly, there is an unmet need to develop a new agent that effectively relieves congestion due to high filling pressure without worsening renal function and improving or normalizing serum sodium in hyponatremic patients. This paper provides an overview of a new compound, tolvaptan, an oral selective V₂-vasopressin antagonist in light of the recently published Efficacy of Vasopressin Antagonism in Heart Failure Outcome Study with Tolvaptan (EVEREST) trial. The biochemical and pharmacological properties are discussed in conjunction with its clinical efficacy and safety, exploring the potential role of tolvaptan in the management of acute heart failure syndromes presenting with or without hyponatremia.     

血清钠离子浓度联合红细胞比容对急性心力衰竭短期预后的预测价值

目的： 探讨低钠血症联合红细胞比容与急性心力衰竭（心衰）患者短期预后的关系。方法： 选择2019年1月至2020年7月锦州医科大学阜新市中心医院收治的因急性心衰入院患者498例，记录患者临床情况、基础疾病、心脏彩色多普勒超声（彩超）指标以及入院24 h内化验指标。按照血清钠离子浓度将急性心衰患者分为血钠正常组（血清钠浓度≥135 mmol/L）和低钠血症组（血清钠浓度<135 mmol/L）。按照红细胞比容将低钠血症组分为稀释性低钠血症亚组（红细胞比容：男性<40%，女性<37%）和消耗性低钠血症亚组（红细胞比容：男性≥40%，女性≥37%）。比较各组患者住院期间死亡率，以及出院后30 d、90 d内死亡及再入院情况，分析血清钠离子浓度联合红细胞比容对患者出院短期预后的预测价值。结果： 498例患者中，低钠血症患者86例，稀释性低钠血症34例，消耗性低钠血症52例。观察期间出现不良事件167例，稀释性低钠血症23例，消耗性低钠血症22例，血钠正常122例。调整基线特征后，稀释性低钠血症是急性心衰患者出院30 d和90 d不良事件的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。血清钠离子浓度、HCT及两者联合预测急性心衰患者短期预后的AUC分别为0.734、0.657、0.762（P<0.001）。结论： 稀释性低钠血症是急性心衰患者短期预后的独立预测因子，预测价值较高。     

护理干预对颈髓损伤后低钠血症的影响

目的探讨护理干预对颈髓损伤后低钠血症的影响。方法 60例颈髓损伤伴低血钠患者分成对照组(n=30)和护理干预组(n=30)。对照组未给予相关低钠血症的护理干预,护理干预组由责任护士给予相关低钠血症的护理干预。对1个月后两组的血清钠值及病程进行分析。结果 1个月后护理干预组血钠值明显高于对照组(P<0.01),并且护理干预组病程较对照组明显缩短(P<0.01),病情反复病例较对照组少(P<0.05)。结论护理干预有利于改善颈髓损伤患者的低钠血症。     

急性颈髓损伤后低钠血症37例临床分析

目的:探讨急性颈髓损伤后低钠血症的治疗.方法:回顾性分析2008年1月-2010年12月收治的急性颈髓损伤后低钠血症患者37例的临床资料.结果:血钠在120-130 mmol/L的32例经补盐和限制水摄入量治疗2-3周后低钠症状改善;血钠<120 mmol/L的5例,治疗6-8周后恢复正常2例,死亡3例.结论:颈髓损伤后低钠血症发生率与损伤程度密切相关,及早发现并补充钠盐和控制液体量是有效的治疗方法;能量支持及维持胶体渗透压能提高疗效.     

心因性多渴症-治疗挑战

概述:强迫性饮水或心因性多渴越来越多见.过度水分摄入会导致低钠血症引起恶心、呕吐、癫痫、谵妄等症状,如不及早发现和处理,甚至可能会危及生命.这里报告的病例是一例35岁心因性多渴症男性患者,通过药物、限制摄水量和心理等整合治疗手段获成功治愈.     

A mechanism based approach to management of children with end-stage liver disease

Introduction: Due to parallel advances in surgical and acute care disciplines, liver transplantation (LT) has revolutionized the outlook for children with end-stage liver disease (ESLD). Contrary to advances in technical aspects of LT and the peri-operative care, pre-transplant management of ESLD remains quite a formidable challenge.

Areas covered: This review provides mechanisms based management strategies to address common complications of ESLD including malnutrition, amended metabolic pathways, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and development of ascites. Clinically relevant discussion of each paradigm is followed by an account of high impact therapeutic interventions which can be used as guides for formulating management plans. A tabulated summary of the suggested interventions is also provided. Indeed, execution of a dynamic plan tailored to the evolution of pathophysiologic derangements can further enhance outcomes of pediatric LT.

Expert commentary: LT has evolved as a dependable therapeutic option for a variety of fatal pediatric liver diseases. However, relative organ shortage remains a formidable challenge. Similarly, consumer expectations continue to grow for sustained improvement of graft and patient survival after LT. In this environment, the level of sophistication applied to the management ESLD before LT stands out as a major opportunity with lasting impact on the future of pediatric LT.