海洛因依赖者脱毒过程中发生感应性精神病临床分析

18例海洛因依赖者在强制脱毒过程中突发精神障碍 ,依据CCMD -2 -R诊断为感应性精神病。临床分析发现 :依赖者的精神状态缺陷、心理紧张、社交范围狭窄以及文化层次低是影响发病的重要因素。其主要临床表现为内容近似的妄想和情感障碍 ,经隔离等处理后病情迅速缓解。     

Breaking the habit: a retrospective analysis of desistance factors among formerly problematic heroin users

Introduction and Aims . The aim of this study was to examine heroin careers among former users to assess desistance factors and explanations for sustained abstinence. Design and Methods . The study surveyed 107 former problematic heroin users who have achieved long‐term abstinence about their experiences of achieving and sustaining abstinence. The cohort was recruited opportunistically from three sources, drawing heavily on former users working in the addictions field. Results . On average, the group had heroin careers lasting for just under 10 years, punctuated by an average of 2.6 treatment episodes and 3.1 periods of abstinence, and had been heroin abstinent for an average of 10 years at the time of completing the survey. The most commonly expressed reason for finally achieving abstinence was ‘tired of the lifestyle followed by reasons relating to psychological health. In contrast, when asked to explain how abstinence was sustained, clients quoted both social network factors (moving away from drug‐using friends and support from non‐using friends) and practical factors (accommodation and employment) as well as religious or spiritual factors. Treatment was not mentioned widely either in achieving or sustaining abstinence, in contrast to 12‐Step, which was endorsed widely. Discussion and Conclusions . The study supports a careers perspective for examining heroin careers and indicates that, while achieving abstinence is possible for chronic opiate users, the path to sustained abstinence is complex and often reliant upon external support systems.     

The oral health of street‐recruited injecting drug users: prevalence and correlates of problems

Aims To examine the effects of a series of injecting drug users' (IDU) characteristics and drug use behaviours upon the self‐reported oral health of a sample of IDU. Design Cross‐sectional survey. Setting Melbourne, Australia. Participants A total of 285 IDU recruited through needle and syringe programmes, snowballing and outreach across six sites. Measurements Structured survey that collected information on current drug use patterns, self‐reported blood‐borne virus status and general health factors, including open‐ended questions on past‐year dental health problems. Findings Sixty‐eight per cent of the sample reported dental problems that were commonly severe and caused dental pain. Despite these reported problems, almost half the sample had not visited the dentist in the 12 months prior to the survey. Participants who were older, and reported homelessness, not eating every day and more common injection of amphetamines rather than heroin in the previous month, were more likely to report having a past‐year dental problem. Conclusions Dental problems in IDUs are common but few receive treatment. Further, those using amphetamines, with poor housing, hygiene and poor nutrition, are most at risk. Programmes designed to improve the oral health of IDU need to be developed and implemented in a manner amenable to the varying social circumstances of this marginalized group in the community.     

海洛因依赖者甲襞微循环检测分析

目的··:了解海洛因依赖者甲襞微循环的变化。方法··:按照甲襞微循环规范化综合定量评价标准 ,对354例海洛因依赖者及280例正常人的甲襞微循环进行定量分析。结果··:海洛因依赖者甲襞微循环形态积分、流态积分、管周状态积分、总积分分别为2.19±s1.33,0.72±s0.80,0.80±s1.00和3.72±s2.15 ,均高于对照组(P<0.01) ,综合判断异常率80.23 % ,与对照组 (40.00 % )比较有显著性差异 (P<0.01)。结论··:海洛因可导致人体微循环障碍 ,在戒毒治疗中应注意患者的微循环改善     

154例海洛因依赖者结核感染检测分析

目的:了解海洛因依赖者结核感染情况,为戒毒治疗和结核防治提供参考。方法:随机抽取海洛因依赖者154例,通过病史、体检、痰菌及X-线检查诊断是否患有结核,对所有患者用免疫斑点法进行血清结核抗体检测,同时抽取100例健康人进行对照。结果:154例海洛因依赖者中,血清结核抗体阳性17例(占11·04%),其中5例确诊患有肺结核(占3·25%);对照组无1例血清结核抗体阳性。结论:海洛因依赖者是结核病的高发人群,是重要的传染源。     

米氮平治疗海洛因依赖患者稽延性戒断症状的疗效观察

目的探讨米氮平治疗海洛因依赖患者稽延性戒断症状的疗效。方法将120例海洛因依赖患者随机分为米氮平治疗组(研究组)55例,康复欣治疗组(对照组)65例。两组在急性期均选用美沙酮脱毒治疗10d,尿液检查呈阴性患者分别服用米氮平和康复欣治疗。米氮平15～30mg·d-1,康复欣4粒·d-1,疗程均为4w。于治疗前及治疗第1、2、3、4w末采用稽延性戒断症状评定量表评定临床疗效,并进行对比分析。结果稽延性戒断症状量表评定两组治疗第4w末总分及各因子分显著低于治疗前;躯体症状因子分在治疗第1、2、3w末研究组显著高于对照组;情绪因子分在治疗第1、2、3、4w末对照组显著高于研究组;渴求因子分在治疗第1、2、3、4w末研究组显著高于对照组;睡眠因子分在治疗第1、2w末对照组显著高于研究组。结论米氮平对稽延性戒断症状有良好的疗效,特别是对情绪和睡眠障碍有显著改善。     

护理干预对海洛因依赖者治疗依从性的影响

目的探讨护理干预对海洛因依赖者在美沙酮维持治疗中治疗依从性的影响。方法将100例在本门诊进行美沙酮维持治疗的海洛因依赖者随机分为对照组和观察组，各50例。对照组采用美沙酮维持治疗，观察组在美沙酮维持治疗的基础上对患者及家属实施为期24周的护理干预，对两组患者维持治疗率和尿检阳性率进行比较。结果第24周对照组和观察组的维持治疗率分别为62％、78％，干预期间尿检阳性率分别为22．9％、12．7％，两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05或〈0．01）。结论通过护理干预，增加了患者及家属对美沙酮维持治疗的认识、理解，提高美沙酮维持治疗中患者的治疗依从性。     

参与美沙酮维持治疗的海洛因成瘾者自我报告的抑郁症状严重程度：一项横断面调查

背景：美沙酮维持治疗(methadone maintenance treatment, MMT)是一种公认的有效降低毒瘾的措施。美沙酮维持治疗可以减少海洛因成瘾戒断症状,并因此可以提供心理和社会支持,对吸毒者的康复至关重要。
　　目标：比较目前正在接受MMT的海洛因成瘾者和没有接受MMT的海洛因成瘾者之间的抑郁症状严重程度。
　　方法：本研究运用了Beck-13(13-item version of the Beck Depression Inventory, BDI-13)抑郁自评量表和人口学历史资料调查表,对中国三个城市9个美沙酮治疗中心的929例正在接受MMT的海洛因成瘾患者（平均已接受9个月MMT治疗）和已经在中心注册参加MMT治疗但尚未开始的238例海洛因成瘾患者进行评估。
　　结果：与正在接受MMT的成瘾者中有68%(628/929)报告抑郁症状相比,79%(188/238)的未治疗成瘾者报告有抑郁症状(X2=11.69,p<0.001)。未经治疗组的BDI评分中位数（四分位区间）是10.4(7.9-11.4),而MMT 组BDI评分中位数是8.0(5.7-11.6),两者有显著差异(Z=2.75, p=0.006)。在MMT组内,自我报告的抑郁症状严重程度与参加MMT时间呈负相关(rs=-0.24,Z=2.88, p=0.004)。多元线性回归分析发现,在控制所有人口学变量后,治疗组的抑郁症状严重程度仍然轻于非治疗组。在控制MMT疗效后,自我报告家庭关系较差(β=0.118,t=6.56, p<0.001)以及离异(β=0.120,t=3.73, p<0.001)的海洛因成瘾患者抑郁症状较严重。
　　结论：中度至重度抑郁症状常见于海洛因成瘾患者。MMT治疗与海洛因成瘾患者抑郁症状较轻相关,但需要采用前瞻性随机对照试验来确定MMT是否确实改善了海洛因成瘾患者的抑郁症状。与家庭成员的关系较差也与海洛因成瘾患者的抑郁症状有关,这表明对海洛因成瘾患者的治疗需要纳入一些方法来帮助海洛因成瘾患者修复由于他们成瘾造成的社会关系割裂。