基于国际居民长期照护评估工具的养老机构不同能力等级老年人照护需求研究

背景　我国各地各机构分级护理划分的标准和依据不统一,加之老年人经济水平及其他因素,影响了分级护理内容的完整性和客观性,导致实际的分级护理可能与老年人需求、能力等级不匹配。目的　了解养老机构不同能力等级老年人对长期照护服务的需求,为针对性地采取适宜的老年照护服务提供依据。方法　于2018年4-7月采用方便抽样的方法,选取南京市和常州市2家养老机构的老年人（≥60岁,n=575）进行问卷调查。问卷包括老年人能力评估问卷、国际居民长期照护评估工具（interRAI-LTCF）,分别用以评价老年人的能力等级、照护问题和需求。采用interRAI-LTCF中的临床评估报告（CAPs）分析每例老年人的综合评估资料,记录发现的照护问题;采用对应分析对不同能力等级的老年人与CAPs所发现的问题进行分析。结果　共回收有效问卷532份,有效回收率92.5%。其中,能力等级评价为能力完好55例（10.3%）,轻度失能264例（49.6%）,中度失能71例（13.4%）,重度失能142例（26.7%）。采用CAPs可将养老机构老年人存在的照护问题分为4类21个方面,老年人存在的中位照护问题数为4（3）个。对应分析结果显示：能力完好老年人的主要照护问题为不良的生活习惯,需要进行健康教育;轻度失能老年人的主要照护问题为心理社会和躯体活动不足问题,是精神慰藉和健康促进服务的高需人群;中度和重度失能老年人的主要照护问题是日常生活活动能力受限和临床健康问题,是日常生活照料和医疗护理的高需人群。结论　运用对应分析对不同能力等级老年人的健康问题及照护需求进行比较,发现能力等级不同的老年人之间照护服务需求存在差异,这可以为养老机构有针对性地开展适宜的老年健康服务项目提供依据,从而更好地提高老年人的生活质量。     

The role of geriatric palliative care in hospitalized older adults

ABSTRACT

Take-Away Points:

1. Geriatric palliative care requires integrating the disciplines of hospital medicine and palliative care in pursuit of delivering comprehensive, whole-person care to aging patients with serious illnesses.

2. Older adults have unique palliative care needs compared to the general population, different prevalence and intensity of symptoms, more frequent neuropsychiatric challenges, increased social needs, distinct spiritual, religious, and cultural considerations, and complex medicolegal and ethical issues.

3. Hospital-based palliative care interdisciplinary teams can take many forms and provide high-quality, goal-concordant care to older adults and their families.     

Can physical prehabilitation prevent complications after colorectal cancer surgery in frail older patients?

IntroductionFrail patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) are at increased risk of complications after surgery. Prehabilitation seems promising to improve this outcome and therefore we evaluated the effect of physical prehabilitation on postoperative complications in a retrospective cohort of frail CRC patients.MethodsThe study consisted of all consecutive non-metastatic CRC patients ≥70 years who had elective surgery from 2014 to 2019 in a teaching hospital in the Netherlands, where a physical prehabilitation program was implemented from 2014 on. We performed both an intention-to-treat and per protocol analysis to evaluate postoperative complications in the physical prehabilitation (PhP) and non-prehabilitation (NP) group.ResultsEventually, 334 elective patients were included. The 124 (37.1%) patients in the PhP-group presented with higher age, higher comorbidity scores and walking-aid use compared to the NP-group. Medical complications occurred in 26.6% of the PhP-group and in 20.5% of the NP-group (p = 0.20) and surgical complications in 19.4% and 14.3% (p = 0.22) respectively. In all frailty subgroups, the medical complications were lower in the PhP-group compared to the NP-group (35.9% vs. 45.5% for patients with ≥2 comorbidities, 36.2% vs. 39.1% for ASA score ≥ III, 29.2% vs. 45.8% for walking-aid use). Differences were not significant.ConclusionsIn this study, patients selected for physical prehabilitation had a worse frailty profile and therefore a higher a priori risk of postoperative complications. However, the postoperative complication rate was not increased compared to patients who were less frail at baseline and without prehabilitation. Hence, physical prehabilitation may prevent postoperative complications in frail CRC patients ≥70 years.     

老年综合评估的临床应用进展

由于老年患者特殊的病理、生理特点,其医疗照护一直是社会和医务界关注的重点。大多数老年患者存在躯体功能、心理、社会等多方面的医疗需求,全面了解老年患者的健康状况是满足其医疗照护需求、为其提供最佳诊疗方案的关键。老年综合评估（CGA）是近年来在国内外广泛应用的从医疗、躯体功能、认知心理及社会、环境因素等多角度检测评估老年人健康功能水平的一种诊疗方式,既包含对老年患者的整体评估又包括相应的针对性干预措施,倡导多学科合作,充分体现整体健康功能的现代医学理念。CGA在临床上的早期应用和干预,在一定程度上能够延缓老年人机体功能衰退、缩短住院时间、降低入院率及病死率,为老年人的健康管理和医疗照护提供重要参考信息。本文对CGA的临床应用进展进行综述,总结了CGA在不同诊疗场所及疾病中的评估内容、应用方法、适用范围及使用限制,以协助医务人员在临床中应用CGA。     

社区老年人功能受损的相关因素分析

目的 了解社区功能受损老年人的情况,分析功能受损的相关因素,为制定合理干预目标、改善针对老年人的医疗服务提供依据.方法 对北京城区4个社区65岁以上的老年人进行老年综合评估,分析功能受损(Barthel ADL＜100分)与慢性疾病及老年综合征之间的关系.结果 共调查1071例老年人,平均年龄75.5岁[IQR75(70,80)],平均Barthel评分96分[IQR 100(100,100)];常见的慢性疾病为高血压(50.7％)、骨关节炎(23.8％)、冠心病(21.2％)、糖尿病(21％);常见的老年综合征为睡眠障碍(31％)、便秘(29％)、慢性疼痛(26.9％)、营养问题(MNA-SF≤11分)(20％).功能受损的老年人与功能正常老年人相比,冠心病(18.1％vs12.3％,P=-0.025)及脑血管疾病(35.4％vs10.6％,P=0.000)的发生率较高,而在老年综合征中,功能受损的老年人发生营养问题(53.3％)、认知问题(36％)、视力障碍(16.2％)、听力障碍(18.1％)、抑郁(6.2％)、尿失禁(31.3％)、便秘(44.3％)、慢性疼痛(34.9％)、跌倒(23.6％)的比率均较高(P=0.000～0.030)结论 社区功能受损的老年人,其老年综合征问题更加突出,针对该人群的医疗服务同样应关注老年综合征.     

Medication errors in elderly people: contributing factors and future perspectives

1. Older people have substantial interindividual variability in health, disability, age-related changes, polymorbidity, and associated polypharmacy, making generalization of prescribing recommendations difficult.
2. Medication use in older adults is often inappropriate and erroneous, partly because of the complexities of prescribing and partly because of many patient, provider, and health system factors that substantially influence the therapeutic value of medications in aged people.
3. A high prevalence of medication errors in older adults results on the one hand from accumulation of factors that contribute to medication errors in all age groups, such as polypharmacy, polymorbidity, enrolment in several disease-management programmes, and fragmentation of care. On the other hand, specific geriatric aspects play a role in these medication errors; these include age-related pharmacological changes, lack of specific evidence on the efficacy and safety of medications, underuse of comprehensive geriatric assessment, less availability of drug formulations offering geriatric doses, and inadequate harmonization of geriatric recommendations across Europe.
4. The dearth of geriatric clinical pharmacology and clinical pharmacy services compounds the difficulties.
5. There are gaps in research and clinical practice that lead to frequent medication errors in older adults, which must be solved by future studies and by regulatory measures in order to support errorless and appropriate use medications in these people.