超声造影评估继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症结节功能

目的分析超声造影(CEUS)评估继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(SHPT)结节功能的价值。方法回顾性分析16例SHPT(16枚结节),观察其CEUS特点;获取结节长宽乘积、总亮度计数(TBC)及时间-强度曲线(TIC)相关参数,包括绝对峰值强度(API)、相对峰值强度(RPI)、达峰时间(TTP)及上升支斜率(BPAS)等,分析其与全段甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)及钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶水平的相关性。结果二维超声声像图显示SHPT结节边界清晰,呈圆形或椭圆形,其中9枚为低回声-无回声囊实性结节,6枚为实性低回声结节,1枚呈等-低混合回声。CEUS示9枚呈高增强,相应患者血清iPTH为1 639.80(1 328.80,2 144.80)pg/ml; 7枚呈低增强,患者血清iPTH为974.20(211.00,1 221.80)pg/ml,差异有统计学意义(U=53.000,P=0.023)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,iPTH与BPAS(r~2=0.341,P=0.003)、RPI(r~2=0.465,P=0.002)及TBC(r~2=0.485,P=0.002)均呈正相关,与TTP呈负相关(r~2=0.790,P=0.001),与结节长宽乘积(r~2=0.029,P=0.248)及API(r~2=0.065,P=0.175)无明显相关性;CUES参数与钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶水平均无明显相关性(P均0.05)。结论 CEUS可用于初步预测SHPT结节的分泌功能。     

富含血小板血浆对小鼠触须毛乳头细胞活性和毛囊重建的影响

目的 探讨富含血小板血浆(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)对小鼠触须毛乳头细胞(dermal papilla cells,DPCs)活性和毛囊重建的影响.方法 将采用2步离心法制备的PRP与采用显微解剖法获得的DPCs共培养,显微镜下观察细胞的形态变化,通过MTT法检测第4和第8代DPCs细胞活性.将新鲜分离的C57BL/6J小鼠背部表皮细胞与第4代的DPCs混合制成含有不同终浓度PRP的细胞悬液并移植至裸鼠体内,观察移植区域毛发形成的时间,4周后处死裸鼠,HE染色计算各组毛囊数量.结果 通过2步离心法获得的PRP中含有的血小板数量约为全血的8.3倍,与未加PRP的对照组比较,终浓度为5％和10％ PRP组不但可促进前6代DPCs的聚集性生长,还可促进前8代DPCs的增殖.在裸鼠体内实验中,10％ PRP组长出毛发的最早时间和形成毛囊的数量分别为(18±1)d和(344±27)根,对照组为(20±1)d和(288±35)根,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 PRP既能够增强DPCs的活性,也有助于毛囊的重建.     

负载异体抗原对低剂量粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子诱导的树突状细胞免疫学性状的影响

目的观察低剂量粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)诱生的未成熟树突状细胞(GM~(low)DC)对异体抗原的摄取能力,以及负载异体抗原后细胞表型和功能的改变。方法对处于增殖期的C_(57)BL/6小鼠单个核细胞(MNC)作氚标记亮氨酸(~3H-Leu)掺入处理,制备~3H-Leu标记的抗原上清液。将此抗原上清液分别与昆明小鼠GM~(low)DC和成熟树突状细胞(DC)孵育30、60、90 min,检测细胞每分钟放射性荧光闪烁计数(cpm)值；用流式细胞仪检测负载异体抗原前后GM~(low)DC表面I~A/I~E、CD80分子的表达情况。分离C_(57)BL/6小鼠的T淋巴细胞,根据加入的刺激因素分组并进行同种混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)：对照组(不加刺激因素)、GM~(low)DC组、GM~(low)DC+异体抗原组、GM~(low)DC+异体抗原+细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4Ig(CTLA-4Ig)组。检测各组细胞cpm值,计算刺激指数(SI)。结果加入异体抗原上清液后30、60、90 min,GM~(low)DC的cpm值均明显高于同时相点的成熟DC(P＜0．05或0．01)。负载异体抗原前,GM~(low)DC细胞表面I~A/I~E的表达率为(32±8)%,CD80的表达率为(25±10)%；负载后两者分别为(54±10)%、(71±18)%,均明显升高(P＜0．05或0．01)。MLR：GM~(low)DC+异体抗原组细胞cpm值明显高于对照组(P＜0．05),SI＞2．0；GM~(low)DC组以及GM~(low)DC+异体抗原+CTLA-4Ig组细胞cpm值与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0．05),AI均＜2．0。结论GM~(low)DC具有较强的抗原摄取能力,负载抗原后,细胞在表型及功能上渐趋成熟。应用CTLA-4Ig可阻断其免疫应答效应,建立免疫耐受。     

Breast cancer, oestrogens and environmental pollutants: a re-evaluation from a mixture perspective

The continuing rise in breast cancer incidence rates in almost all Western countries cannot be explained entirely in terms of known risk factors of the disease process. Additional determinants need to be examined, among them exposure to environmental pollutants. With the demonstration that elevated levels of endogenous sex hormones and the use of hormones for the relief of menopausal symptoms are associated with the disease, the oestrogen hypothesis of breast cancer has received further empirical support. This has led to heightened concerns about the possible involvement of oestrogen-like pollutants, such as p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDE). Case-control studies assessing whether women with breast cancer have elevated burdens of p,p'-DDE have produced results not suggestive of a link with cancer risks. However, possible effects of p,p'-DDE and other pollutants cannot be seen in isolation from sex hormones also present in serum. In view of the low potency of p,p'-DDE, and its low levels in serum, it seems unlikely that the chemical on its own will add significantly to the action of sex hormones. However, chemical analyses show that numerous pollutants with oestrogen-like effect profiles can be found in human tissues. Thus, the oestrogen hypothesis of breast cancer should be extended to encompass the multitude of these agents. Viewed from such a perspective, a putative role of organochlorines and other agents in breast cancer should not be dismissed prematurely. Instead, breast cancer epidemiology should face the reality of combined exposures and should take account of recent evidence from in vitro models demonstrating that a large number of oestrogen-like pollutants, all present at low levels, can act together to add to the internal oestrogenic load.     

Hyperparathyroidism associated with thyroid pathology

BACKGROUND: The pathological association between thyroid and parathyroid gland disease is here discussed. The multiphase analyzer has revealed a new type of subclinical primary hyperparathyroidism (HPP) and the role of surgery in these cases is not clear. METHODS: This is a prospective study of all cases of thyroid disease in association with parathyroid disease treated surgically in our Institute from July 1999 to June 2001. RESULTS: Of the 221 thyroidectomies carried out, 29 patients had an elevated preoperative serum level of parathyroid hormone (PTH). An ultrasonography examination was performed on all patients and a preoperative scanning with 99Tc-MIBI on 11 of 29 patients. We examined intraoperatively 19 cases of HPP (14 parathyroid adenoma, 5 hyperplasia). In 10 cases we observed a normal size of the parathyroid gland and we did not perform a parathyroidectomy. CONCLUSIONS: All patients with elevated serum parathyroid hormone and serum calcium levels before thyroidectomy should be considered candidates also for surgery to the parathyroid glands. The pathological association between thyroid and parathyroid gland diseases is not rare. We must conduct an accurate neck exploration in all these cases.     

基础甲状腺功能与IVF-ET妊娠结局的相关性研究

目的研究基础甲状腺功能三项(TSH、FT3、FT4水平)与体外受精-胚胎移植妊娠结局之间的关系。方法以2014年9月至2015年5月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院生殖医学中心行长方案体外受精/卵胞浆内单精子注射-胚胎移植术(IVF/ICSI-ET)并行新鲜胚胎移植的不孕症患者作为研究对象。于IVF前月经第2~4天空腹留血,检测基础甲状腺功能三项:促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、游离四碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT4)。纳入甲状腺功能三项均正常的患者486例,分析基础甲状腺功能与IVF/ICSI妊娠结局的关系。结果 (1)486例患者中临床妊娠305例,活产249例,早期自然流产23例;(2)临床妊娠组与未妊娠组比较,TSH、FT3、FT4水平均无统计学差异(P0.05),临床妊娠组女方年龄小[(29.4±3.9)vs.(30.7±4.3)岁,P=0.001)]、子宫内膜厚[(11.0±2.2)mm vs.(9.9±1.9)mm,P0.001)];(3)活产组与早期自然流产组相比,基础TSH、FT3、FT4差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);(4)基础TSH≥2.5mIU/L的患者与TSH2.5mIU/L者的临床妊娠率、活产率、早期自然流产率和新生儿出生体重均无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论基础甲状腺功能三项如在正常范围不影响IVF结局,IVF前TSH≥2.5mIU/L但4.2mIU/L时不增加早期自然流产率,也不影响新生儿出生体重。     

重组人生长激素在肝硬变围手术期应用的临床研究

目的探讨重组人生长激素（rhGH）对肝硬变门静脉高压症患者术后肝功能和营养代谢的影响。方法将2003年2月至2004年1月期间我院收治的48例肝硬变患者随机均分为rhGH组和对照组，2组患者分别于术后第2d给予rhGH或生理盐水，共7d，检测2组患者的白蛋白水平、肝功能及血糖水平。结果rhGH组治疗后第7d起，血浆白蛋白水平明显高于对照组相应时相（P〈0．05）；血ALT、AST明显低于对照组相应时相（P〈0．05）；2组血糖含量随治疗时间延长逐渐降低，治疗后第14d恢复正常，但2组血糖治疗前、后相应时相比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；2组血浆胆红素水平于治疗前、后相应时相比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论rhGH可促进肝硬变门静脉高压症患者术后蛋白质的合成，纠正低蛋白血症，改善肝功能。     

瘦素/阿片促黑素细胞皮质素原/神经肽Y信号在胃转流术治疗2型糖尿病中的作用

目的 探讨瘦素(Leptin)、神经肽Y(NPY)、阿片促黑素细胞皮质素原(POMC)信号通路在胃转流手术治疗2型糖尿病中的作用及机制.方法采用20只成年SD雄性大鼠成功建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,随机分为糖尿病非手术对照组(NO组,n=10)和糖尿病手术组[Roux-en-Y胃旁路术(RYGB)组,n=10],另外再选10只正常大鼠作为正常对照组(NC组),对手术组实施胃转流手术,分别于术前、术后检测各组大鼠血糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(TCH)及甘油三酯(TG)、Leptin水平,每天定时监测大鼠饮水量、饮食量以及体质量的变化,术后第4周取大鼠下丘脑,检测下丘脑中NPY、POMC mRNA的表达水平.结果术后第4周,RYGB组大鼠血糖、血脂以及进食、水量已接近正常水平,Leptin和NPY mRNA水平分别由术前的(4.58±0.37)μg/L、1.89 ±0.24降低到(3.10±0.38) μg/L、0.95±0.19(P＜0.01),而POMC mRNA水平则由术前的0.78±0.26升高至1.70±0.31(P＜0.01).结论 胃转流手术可以改善2型糖尿病的血糖水平,Leptin可能通过NPY、POMC神经元信号调节2型糖尿病的能量代谢平衡,提示Leptin与下丘脑NPY、POMC调节通路可能在胃转流手术后2型糖尿病病情缓解过程中发挥重要作用.     

Effects of growth hormone on renal renin gene expression in normal rats and rats with myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: Published data regarding effects of growth hormone (GH) on the renin system are controversial. The aim of this study therefore was to evaluate the effects of GH on the renin system in normal rats and rats with myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: Normal rats received 2, 5, or 10 IU GH/kg/day or vehicle subcutaneously for 4 weeks. Furthermore rats with MI were randomized to receive 2 IU GH/kg/day or vehicle for 4 weeks. Subdivision into MI groups (mild, moderate, and large) was by histological determination of infarct size. Renal renin gene expression was assessed by RNAase protection assay and plasma renin activity by radioimmunoassay. In addition, isolated mouse juxtaglomerular cells were exposed to GH for 20 h, and renin secretion rates were assessed. RESULTS: GH treatment in normal rats for 4 weeks increased body weight, and kidney weight to body weight ratio, but did not affect renin secretion and renal renin gene expression. In rats with large MI, renal renin gene expression increased about fourfold, but was unchanged in rats with small and moderate MI as compared to normal rats. In rats with MI, body weight decreased and this decrease was partially reversed by GH treatment. GH treatment did not change renal renin gene expression, and renin secretion in rats with MI. Renin secretion of isolated juxtaglomerular cells was unaffected by GH. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that GH treatment has no significant effect on renin secretion and on renal renin gene expression in normal rats and in rats with stimulated renin system due to MI in vivo. In isolated juxtaglomerular cells in vitro, renin secretion was also unaffected by GH.     

甲状旁腺激素对人近曲小管上皮细胞转分化及分泌结缔组织生长因子的影响

目的 探讨甲状旁腺激素（PTH）对人近曲小管上皮细胞系HK-2细胞分泌结缔组织生长因子（CTGF）及细胞转分化的影响。 方法 应用实时定量PCR和Western印迹观察PTH诱导HK-2细胞CTGF mRNA和蛋白表达情况，从转录水平探讨PTH对CTGF基因启动子活性的调控作用。应用免疫荧光技术检测PTH作用下HK-2细胞中α平滑肌肌动蛋白 （α-SMA）的表达。 结果 HK-2细胞有基础水平的CTGF mRNA和蛋白表达，PTH刺激后其表达量显著增加。PTH最佳刺激浓度是10－10 mol/L，最佳刺激时间是72 h。10－10 mol/L PTH干预HK-2细胞12 h后，荧光素酶活性较对照组显著升高（1.888±0.078比0.989±0.030，P ＜ 0.01）；光镜下可见细胞由立方形铺路石样转变为梭形，随作用时间延长转分化现象更显著。PTH刺激HK-2细胞12 h后，免疫荧光检测可见细胞质中有α-SMA表达；PTH刺激24 h后，α-SMA表达明显增多，与CTGF mRNA和蛋白表达的时间效应一致。 结论 PTH可上调HK-2细胞CTGF表达，并具有促进HK-2细胞转分化的作用。