刷牙冲洗法用于经口气管插管患者口腔护理的效果

目的 观察刷牙冲洗法用于口腔护理的效果,为经口气管插管的患者提供更好的护理措施.方法 将100例经口气管插管的患者分为两组,对照组采用传统口腔护理方法,实验组采用儿童软毛牙刷蘸牙膏刷牙,然后用生理盐水冲洗的方法进行口腔护理.结果 患者口臭、真菌感染率及呼吸机相关性肺炎的发生率均下降,细菌培养菌株数减少(P＜0.01...     

Etomidate for Rapid-sequence Intubation in Young Children: Hemodynamic Effects and Adverse Events

OBJECTIVES: Physicians commonly use etomidate for adult rapid-sequence intubation (RSI), but the manufacturer does not recommend its use for children under 10 years of age due to a lack of data. The authors present their experience with etomidate for pediatric RSI in order to further develop its risk-benefit profile in this age group. METHODS: Trained abstractors reviewed the medical records for all children under 10 years old who received etomidate for RSI between July 1996 and April 2001. RESULTS: 105 children, with an average age of 3 (+/-2.9) years, received a median dose of 0.32 (+/-0.12) mg/kg of etomidate. The systolic blood pressure increased an average of 4 mm Hg (95% CI = -3.3 to 9.2); the diastolic blood pressure increased 7 mm Hg (95% CI = -3.1 to 11) within 10 minutes of receiving etomidate. The heart rate increased an average of 10 beats/min (95% CI = 4.0 to 17.4). Complications included three patients who vomited within 10 minutes of etomidate administration. There were no cases of documented myoclonus, status epilepticus, or new-onset seizures. Thirty-eight patients received corticosteroids during the hospital course, none for suspected adrenal insufficiency. Three patients died, all from severe brain injury. CONCLUSIONS: In children less than 10 years old, etomidate seems to produce minimal hemodynamic changes, and appears to have a low risk of clinically important adrenal insufficiency, myoclonus, and status epilepticus. The association between etomidate and emesis (observed in less than 3% of enrolled patients) remains unclear. For clinical situations in which minimal blood pressure changes during RSI are critical, etomidate appears to have a favorable risk-benefit profile for children under 10 years old.     

Comparison of bronchoscopic and non-bronchoscopic techniques for diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia

Background:

The diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) remains a challenge because the clinical signs and symptoms lack both sensitivity and specificity and the selection of microbiologic diagnostic procedure is still a matter of debate.

Aims and Objective:

To study the role of various bronchoscopic and non-bronchoscopic diagnostic techniques for diagnosis of VAP.

Settings and Design:

This prospective comparative study was conducted in a medical ICU of a tertiary care center.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-five patients, clinically diagnosed with VAP, were evaluated by bronchoscopic and non-bronchoscopic procedures for diagnosis. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of various bronchoscopic and non-bronchoscopic techniques were calculated, taking clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) of ≥6 as reference standard.

Results:

Our study has shown that for the diagnosis of VAP, bronchoscopic brush had a sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 94.9% [confidence interval (CI): 70.6–99.7], 57.1% (CI: 13.4–86.1), 85% (CI: 61.1–96) and 80% (CI: 21.9–98.7), respectively. Bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) had a sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 77.8% (CI: 51.9–92.6), 71.8% (CI: 24.1–94), 87.3% (CI: 60.4–97.8) and 55.5% (CI: 17.4–82.6), respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for non–bronchoscopic BAL (NBAL) were 83.3% (CI: 57.7–95.6), 71.43% (CI: 24.1–94), 88.2% (CI: 62.3–97.4) and 62.5% (CI: 20.2–88.2), respectively. Endotracheal aspirate (ETA) yield was only 52% and showed poor concordance with BAL (κ-0.351; P-0.064) and NBAL (k-0.272; P-0.161). There was a good microbiologic concordance among different bronchoscopic and non-bronchoscopic distal airway sampling techniques.

Conclusion:

NBAL is an inexpensive, easy, and useful technique for microbiologic diagnosis of VAP. Our findings, if verified, might simplify the approach for the diagnosis of VAP.     

Conservative management of post-intubation tracheal tears—report of three cases

Iatrogenic tracheal rupture is a rare complication after intubation. We present three patients with tracheal tears. In all of these patients, a common finding was a lesion of the posterior tracheal wall with postoperative subcutaneous and emphysema as the first clinical sign of the rupture. Diagnosis and follow-up were based on clinical and endoscopic findings and chest computed tomography (CT) scans. In our cases with progressive subcutaneous and mediastinal emphysema or dyspnea, we performed a tracheotomy and bypassed the lesion with a tracheostomy tube to avoid an increase in air leakage into the mediastinum. Under broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, no mediastinitis occurred and all patients survived without sequelae. Closure of tracheostomy was scheduled for 1-2 months after tracheal injury. Analysis of surgical and anesthesiological procedures revealed no abnormalities and the accumulation of tracheal injuries was considered as accidental. We found that in clinically stable patients with spontaneous breathing and with no mediastinitis, a conservative management of tracheal tears is a safe procedure.     

Diagnostic utilities of tracheal ultrasound and USB-endoscope for the confirmation of endotracheal tube placement: A cadaver study

Objectives

Confirmation of the endotracheal tube placement (CoETP) has the utmost importance in the management of an airway. Visualization of tracheal rings or carina with a fiber-optical bronchoscope (FOB) has considered to be a reliable method for the CoETP. However, FOB is expensive, time-consuming, and not always practical. Inexpensive endoscopic USB-cameras were shown to aid intubation successfully and reliably. On the other hand, there have been no studies investigating their use for the CoETP. Tracheal ultrasonography (TUS) is also a new, inexpensive and widely available alternative. A cadaver study has planned to evaluate the diagnostic utility of TUS and a USB-camera.

HFMEA应用于气管插管非计划性拔管防范流程制定的研究

目的 将前瞻性可靠度分析法--医疗照护的失效模式与效应分析(Healthcare Failure Mode Effect Analysis,HFMEA)应用于临床上防止气管插管非计划性拔管流程的制定,旨在让护理人员充分认识到气管插管非计划性拔管(Unplanned extubation,UEX)的潜在风险因素、列出有价值的风险评估指标,有针对性地采取行动予以控制、减少甚至消除损害的发生。本文探讨依据该理论生成的防范流程对于气管插管非计划性拔管(UEX)的控制效果。 方法 回顾自2006年1月至2009年12月期间的气管插管非计划性拔管情况,制定UEX防范流程。观察自该流程实施后自2010年1月至2013年12月期间经口插管患者的气管插管非计划性拔管发生率和因素分析。 结果 通过分析得出经过流程规整后的非计划性拔管的发生率明显下降(P<0.005)。结论 通过HFMEA的方法分析UEX的失效因素,制定完善防拔管流程,指导临床护理人员的认知和控制措施的选择应用有助于减少临床非计划性气管插管拔管的发生。     

Combined general and thoracic epidural anaesthesia: When is it indicated?

There has been a large volume of recent literature which supports the use of combined general/thoracic epidural anaesthesia and postoperative epidural analgesia in high risk patients. Much of this literature has focused on patients undergoing surgery to treat cancer, patients undergoing vascular surgery, and patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease. In these groups of patients, combined thoracic epidural and general anaesthesia, with continuation of epidural analgesia into the postoperative period, has been shown to have certain advantages over general endotracheal anaesthesia followed by postoperative intravenous opioid analgesia. However, how the anaesthetic is conducted may be more important than merely placing an epidural catheter prior to induction of general anaesthesia. In this review, the authors will examine the physiological and clinical data underlying the advantages of combined thoracic epidural/general anaesthesia, examine how the conduct of the anaesthetic may be an important influence on clinical outcome, and discuss the indications for this technique of anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia.     

脑电双频指数监测下不同剂量舒芬太尼麻醉诱导对老年高血压患者气管插管反应的影响

目的探讨脑电双频指数（BIS）监测下不同剂量舒芬太尼静脉麻醉诱导对气管插管反应的影响。方法选择择期行全麻手术的老年高血压患者60例,年龄65~85岁,ASAI~Ⅱ级,按不同剂量舒芬太尼随机分为3组,每组20例。Ⅰ组给予舒芬太尼0.2μg/kg,Ⅱ组0.3μg/kg,Ⅲ组0.4μg/kg,在BIS监测下注射丙泊酚2mg/kg和顺式阿曲库铵0.15mg/kg,经口气管插管。记录麻醉诱导前（t0）、诱导给药后（t1）、插管时（t2）、插管后1min（t3）、插管后3min（t4）、插管后5min（t5）的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）及BIS的变化。结果与诱导前相比,给药后3组SBP、DBP、HR及BIS均显著下降（P〈0.05）,以Ⅲ组下降较明显（P〈0.05）;插管时SBP、DBP、HR及BIS均上升,Ⅰ组升高较明显（P〈0.05）,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组升高差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;BIS组间比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,但3组插管后BIS均小于55。结论在老年高血压患者中,0.3μg/kg舒芬太尼麻醉诱导能有效地抑制气管插管应激反应,插管期间血流动力学平稳,是临床使用的最佳剂量。     

改良气管插管固定方法效果对比性研究

目的:研究安全、舒适、有效的口腔气管插管固定新方法。方法:将180例口腔气管插管患者随机分为2组,观察组采用Y型胶布无牙垫固定新方法;对照组采用传统固定方法。结果:新方法的固定牢固度显著优于传统方法(P<0.05),在舒适度和口护效果方面有高度显著性差异(P<0.01),口腔咽喉部并发症显著低于传统方法。结论:Y型胶布无牙垫固定方法安全、舒适、牢固,临床具推广应用价值。     

早期雾化吸入不同药物对全身麻醉气管插管下行妇科腹腔镜手术患者术后咽喉部不适的影响

目的 比较妇科腹腔镜手术气管插管患者入麻醉恢复室后即刻雾化吸入不同药物对术后咽喉部不适的改善情况。方法 便利抽样选取200例妇科腹腔镜手术患者作为研究对象,按随机单盲对照实验设计要求分为四组:A组(呋塞米),B组(布地奈德),C组(氨溴索)及D组(生理盐水,对照组),每组各50例。各组患者于术后进入麻醉恢复室即刻雾化吸入相应药物,并于入室即刻(雾化前)、雾化吸入结束后即刻、雾化后6h、12h、24h、36h、48h、72h、96h对四组患者进行咽喉部不适(咽喉疼痛、声音嘶哑、咽部异物感)评估并记录分值。结果 A、B、C组患者的咽喉疼痛评分在雾化吸入后36h低于D组,在雾化吸入后即刻到吸入后24h各时点的声音嘶哑评分低于D组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05);咽部异物感的评分结果显示,A组与C组在雾化后即刻、雾化后12h、36h和48h记录点的评分低于D组,而B组在雾化后36h和48h记录点的评分低于D组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论 气管插管术后即刻雾化吸入布地奈德、呋塞米、氨溴索均可在缓解患者术后咽喉疼痛、声音嘶哑、咽部异物感等咽喉部不适方面取得确切的疗效,但在缓解咽喉异物感方面,呋塞米、氨溴索的作用优于布地奈德,其机制尚待进一步研究。