An evaluation of a teaching intervention to improve the practice of endotracheal suctioning in intensive care units

Endotracheal suctioning is a frequently performed procedure that has many associated risks and complications. It is imperative that nurses are aware of these risks and are able to practise according to current research recommendations. This study was designed to examine to what extent intensive care nurses' knowledge and practice of endotracheal suctioning is based on research evidence, to investigate the relationships between knowledge and practice, and to evaluate the effectiveness of a research-based teaching programme. This quasi-experimental study was a randomized, controlled, single-blinded comparison of two research-based teaching programmes, with 16 intensive care nurses, using non-participant observation and a self-report questionnaire. Initial baseline data revealed a low level of knowledge for many participants, which was also reflected in practice, as suctioning was performed against many of the research recommendations. Following teaching, significant improvements were seen in both knowledge and practice. Four weeks later these differences were generally sustained, and provide evidence of the effectiveness of the educational intervention. The study raised concern about all aspects of endotracheal suctioning and highlighted the need for changes in nursing practice, with clinical guidelines and focused practice-based education.     

超声引导下喉上神经阻滞联合环甲膜穿刺麻醉在清醒气管插管中的应用

目的:探讨超声引导下喉上神经阻滞联合环甲膜穿刺麻醉在清醒气管插管中的应用效果.方法:选择在全麻下实施手术的ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级的困难气道患者30例,随机分为超声引导组(U组,n=15)和解剖定位组(A组,n=15).全部患者均选择纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻腔气管插管.U组在超声下显示呈高回声的甲舌膜,观察到无回声的喉上动脉穿出甲舌膜,喉上神经内支位于喉上动脉内侧,通过超声引导下平面内技术在此区域注入局麻药,以相同的方法阻滞对侧喉上神经内支.超声下显示呈高回声的环甲膜,通过超声引导下平面内技术进行环甲膜穿刺,气管内表面麻醉.A组依靠传统的解剖标志定位方法触诊舌骨大角和甲状软骨上角,进行双侧喉上神经阻滞.触诊甲状软骨和环状软骨等解剖标志,通过环甲膜穿刺进行气管内表面麻醉.确定气管插管成功后,各组患者均进行快速麻醉诱导.比较2组患者间环甲膜穿刺成功率、各级呛咳发生率和围插管期血流动力学变化.应用SPSS 20.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析.结果:与A组相比,U组患者的环甲膜穿刺成功率更高(P＜0.05),呛咳发生率更低(P＜0.05).与A组相比,U组患者T1(入室后)、T2(插管前)和T5(插管后3min)HR、SBP、DBP的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);T3(插管时)、T4(插管后1min)心率增快和血压增高的幅度较小(P＜0.05).结论:超声引导下双侧喉上神经阻滞联合环甲膜穿刺麻醉,在清醒气管插管时安全、有效、优势明显.     

HFMEA应用于气管插管非计划性拔管防范流程制定的研究

目的 将前瞻性可靠度分析法--医疗照护的失效模式与效应分析(Healthcare Failure Mode Effect Analysis,HFMEA)应用于临床上防止气管插管非计划性拔管流程的制定,旨在让护理人员充分认识到气管插管非计划性拔管(Unplanned extubation,UEX)的潜在风险因素、列出有价值的风险评估指标,有针对性地采取行动予以控制、减少甚至消除损害的发生。本文探讨依据该理论生成的防范流程对于气管插管非计划性拔管(UEX)的控制效果。 方法 回顾自2006年1月至2009年12月期间的气管插管非计划性拔管情况,制定UEX防范流程。观察自该流程实施后自2010年1月至2013年12月期间经口插管患者的气管插管非计划性拔管发生率和因素分析。 结果 通过分析得出经过流程规整后的非计划性拔管的发生率明显下降(P<0.005)。结论 通过HFMEA的方法分析UEX的失效因素,制定完善防拔管流程,指导临床护理人员的认知和控制措施的选择应用有助于减少临床非计划性气管插管拔管的发生。     

不同麻醉方法在小儿腹腔镜手术中的应用体会

目的:对比分析不同麻醉方法对小儿腹腔镜手术患者插管及拔管前后心率、并发症情况的影响。方法:随机将56例腹腔镜手术患儿分为骶管复合气管插管全麻组(A组)、骶管复合喉罩全麻组(B组)、单纯喉罩全麻组(C组)、单纯气管插管全麻组(D组),每组14例。患儿10个月~5岁,体重9.5~21 kg。分别于麻醉插管后即刻、拔管前1 min、拔管后即刻记录心率变化,观察拔管时有无喉痉挛、呼吸道分泌物情况,术中记录心率、血氧饱和度、呼气末二氧化碳分压及BIS值。术后2 h内观察有无咽喉部疼痛不适、声音嘶哑、哭闹、咳嗽、呼吸异常及意识恢复情况。结果:B组插管后即刻、拔管后即刻对心率的影响较其他三组小,患儿术后清醒时咽喉部疼痛、咳嗽、喉痉挛、呼吸道分泌物明显减少,耐受的BIS指数更高。拔除喉罩患儿呼吸更平稳、清醒更彻底。结论:小儿腹腔镜手术行骶管复合喉罩全麻患儿麻醉前后心率的变化波动较小,术后患儿清醒更彻底,并发症更少。     

气管内吸痰术的研究与应用进展

本文通过查阅相关文献,从吸痰时机、时间,吸痰管的选择,吸痰的负压,吸痰方式,吸痰方法及密闭式吸痰等方面对气管内吸痰术的研究共识与应用进展进行综述,以促进吸痰护理操作日臻完善。     

Respiratory papillomas: presentation before six months

The prognosis of respiratory papillomatosis (RP) in newborns appears to be less favorable than in infants and older children. In this series of four patients who developed symptoms of the disease within the first 6 months of life, the mortality was 100%. In these premature and term newborn infants, endoscopic laser surgery and medical and immunologic therapy were unable to control the growth of RP. Meticulous local removal of the airway lesions is the most reliable form of management.     

Prevalence of Difficult Airway Predictors in Cases of Failed Prehospital Endotracheal Intubation

Background

Difficult airway predictors (DAPs) are associated with failed endotracheal intubation (ETI) in the emergency department (ED). However, little is known about the relationship between DAPs and failed prehospital ETI.

Objective

Our aim was to determine the prevalence of common DAPs among failed prehospital intubations.

Methods

We reviewed a quality-improvement database, including all cases of ETI in a single ED, over 3 years. Failed prehospital (FP) ETI was defined as a case brought to the ED after attempted prehospital ETI, but bag-valve-mask ventilation, need for a rescue airway (supraglottic device, cricothyrotomy, etc.), or esophageal intubation was discovered at the ED. Physicians performing ETI evaluated each case for the presence of DAPs, including blood/emesis, facial/neck trauma, airway edema, spinal immobilization, short neck, and tongue enlargement.

Results

There were a total of 1377 ED ETIs and 161 had an FP-ETI (11.8%). Prevalence of DAPs in cases with FP-ETI was obesity 13.0%, large tongue 18.0%, short neck 13%, small mandible 4.3%, cervical immobility 49.7%, blood in airway 57.8%, vomitus in airway 23.0%, airway edema 12.4%, and facial or neck trauma 32.9%. The number of cases with FP-ETI and 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 or more DAPs per case was 22 (13.6%), 43 (26.7%), 23 (24.3%), 42 (26.1%), and 31 (19.3%), respectively.

Conclusions

DAPs are common in cases of FP-ETI. Some of these factors may be associated with FP-ETI. Additional study is needed to determine if DAPs can be used to identify patients that are difficult to intubate in the field.     

How do paramedics manage the airway during out of hospital cardiac arrest?

Aim

The best method of initial airway management during resuscitation for out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is unknown. The airway management techniques used currently by UK paramedics during resuscitation for OHCA are not well documented. This study describes the airway management techniques used in the usual practice arm of the REVIVE-Airways feasibility study, and documents the pathway of interventions to secure and sustain ventilation during OHCA.

Method

Data were collected from OHCAs attended by paramedics participating in the REVIVE-Airways trial between March 2012 and February 2013. Patients were included if they were enrolled in the usual practice arm of the study, fulfilled the main study eligibility criteria and did not receive either of the intervention supraglottic airway devices during the resuscitation attempt.

Results

Data from 196 attempted resuscitations were included in the analysis. The initial approach to airway management was bag-mask for 108 (55%), a supraglottic airway device (SAD) for 39 (20%) and tracheal intubation for 49 (25%). Paramedics made further airway interventions in 64% of resuscitations. When intubation was the initial approach, there was no further intervention in 76% of cases; this compares to 16% and 44% with bag-mask and SAD respectively. The most common reason cited by paramedics for changing from bag-mask was to carry out advanced life support, followed by regurgitation and inadequate ventilation. Inadequate ventilation was the commonest reason cited for removing a SAD.

Conclusion

Paramedics use a range of techniques to manage the airway during OHCA, and as the resuscitation evolves. It is therefore desirable to ensure that a range of techniques and equipment, supported by effective training, are available to paramedics who attend OHCA.     

依据儿科高级生命支持指南行气管插管的错位发生率及对插管深度公式的探讨

目的　探讨多种儿童经口气管插管深度标准技术的准确性,包括儿科高级生命支持（PALS）指南公式预测法以及听诊双肺呼吸音、观察胸廓起伏的临床评估法,并设计更准确的预测公式指导临床。方法　回顾性分析2018年1月至2019年7月中国医科大学附属盛京医院小儿重症监护病房收治的经口气管插管的177例患儿。记录入院后初次插管时患儿的年龄、性别、体重、依据PALS指南公式计算的插管深度、临床评估后的实际插入深度以及胸片显示气管导管（endotracheal tube,ETT）尖端距离第二胸椎下缘和隆突的距离,并对上述数据进行统计分析。结果　依据PALS指南计算所得气管插管深度的错位率（过深或过浅）为74.01%,结合临床评估后,ETT错位率由74.0%下降至55.9%,临床评估对ETT的调整有实际意义。推测新公式：＜2岁患儿,采用1～5月龄：11 cm,6～11月龄：12 cm,12～23月龄：13 cm作为参考插管深度。 ≥2岁患儿：插管深度（cm）＝年龄（岁）×0.7+12。结论　依据PALS指南计算的气管插管深度错位率较高,通过听诊双肺呼吸音、观察胸廓起伏等临床评估后可提高ETT位置的合适率。PALS指南低估了2岁以上儿童ETT的最佳插入深度。新的公式有待验证。     

床边便携式纤维支气管镜引导下经鼻气管插管抢救呼吸衰竭

目的 探讨便携式纤维动气管镜(纤支镜)引导下经鼻气管插管在抢救呼吸衰竭中的应用及意义。方法对58例急慢性呼吸衰竭患者或其他疾病重症患者采用床边便携式纤支镜引导经鼻气管插管并进行机械通气,总结分析其临床资料。结果插管均一次成功,插管过程一般为 30s~5 min,无1例阻断自主呼吸,大喉痉挛、心跳骤停等发生。机械通气30 min后,呼吸衰竭均有明显改善。结论便携式纤支镜具有携带方便、操作简单,引导经鼻气管插管迅速准确、并发症少等优点,值得推广应用。