右美托咪啶复合瑞芬太尼在清醒气管插管中的应用

目的:观察右美托咪啶复合瑞芬太尼在清醒气管插管中的应用效果。方法:择期在气管插管全麻下行腭咽成形术的患者75例,随机分为3组:芬太尼复合氟哌利多组(FD组,n=25),咪达唑仑复合瑞芬太尼组(MR组,n=25)和右美托咪啶复合瑞芬太尼组(DR组,n=25)。FD组:芬太尼2μg/kg、氟哌利多0.08mg/kg静注;MR组:咪达唑仑0.05mg/kg、瑞芬太尼1.0μg/kg(1min内注完)静注后,瑞芬太尼以0.06μg.kg-1.min-1维持至插管成功;DR组:10min内静脉输注右美托咪啶0.6μg/kg后静注瑞芬太尼1.0μg/kg(1min内注完),继以瑞芬太尼以0.06μg.kg-1.min-1维持至插管成功。3组插管前Ramsay评分均≥4分。记录入室时(T0)、置入喉镜前(T1)和气管插管即刻(T2)的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR);记录插管时间、插管过程中呼吸抑制、病人耐受及术后遗忘情况。结果:与FD组比较,MR组和DR组T0时MAP和HR差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),T1～2时MAP降低,HR减慢(P<0.05),其中DR组比MR组HR降低更加明显(P<0.05)。MR组和DR组插管舒适度优于FD组(P<0.05),插管过程的遗忘情况优于FD组(P<0.05)。MR组插管过程的遗忘情况优于DR组(P<0.05),插管过程中DR组呼吸抑制少于FD组和MR组。结论:右美托咪啶复合瑞芬太尼可很好地抑制清醒气管插管的应激反应,插管过程舒适,有一定的遗忘效应,无明显的呼吸抑制。     

经气管内插管静脉全身麻醉儿童支气管异物取出

 【目的】 评估气管内插管静脉全身麻醉下经支气管镜或支撑喉镜联合Hopkins内镜取儿童支气管异物的安全性及效果,以提高儿童支气管异物处理的水平。【方法】 回顾性分析45例我院收治的支气管异物待查患儿,于气管内插管静脉全身麻醉下行支气管镜检查或支撑喉镜联合Hopkins内镜检查,取出异物。术中密切监测生命体征并记录手术时间。【结果】 行支气管镜检查术15例,支撑喉镜联合Hopkins内镜检查术30例,术中全部病例均经历临时拔出气管插管,共43例发现并成功取出异物,2例未发现异物,全部病例的平均手术时间（8.46±5.96）min,支气管镜组（12.87±6.44）min,支撑喉镜联合Hopkins内(5.82±3.78)min,15例术中曾出现短暂SpO2低于85%,全部病例PETCO2及心率等生命体征平稳。未出现任何并发症。【结论】气管内插管静脉全身麻醉下经支气管镜或支撑喉镜联合Hopkins内镜取出患儿气管支气管异物,手术操作简便,快速,麻醉简单、安全、疗效显著,值得推广。     

人工冬眠在重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者术后带气管插管期间的应用

目的 探讨人工冬眠疗法对重度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者术后带气管插管期间的镇静效果及其应用安全性.方法 我科2000年6月-2010年6月收治重度OSAHS 28例,行悬雍垂腭咽成形术(UPPP)9例,韩氏-悬雍垂腭咽成形术(H-UPPP)19例,术后带气管插管期间给予冬眠合剂镇静,并于用药前、用药期间(用药后10 min、1 h、6 h)、拔除气管插管后监测平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)及血气分析指标.结果 用药期间至拔除气管插管后,HR、MAP、RR均明显低于用药前(P<0.05,P<0.01);与用药前比较,用药后1、6 h SpO2显著提高(P<0.01),pH值调整至正常范围(P<0.05,P<0.01),而氧分压和二氧化碳分压无明显变化(P＞0.05).用药期间至拔除气管插管后未发生呼吸道梗阻等严重并发症.高血压患者应用冬眠合剂后均无需予降压药,血压即能控制在正常范围.结论 冬眠合剂在重度OSAHS术后带气管插管期间使用安全、有效,镇静、镇痛效果好,能有效减少严重术后并发症的发生.     

Comparison of bronchoscopic and non-bronchoscopic techniques for diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia

Background:

The diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) remains a challenge because the clinical signs and symptoms lack both sensitivity and specificity and the selection of microbiologic diagnostic procedure is still a matter of debate.

Aims and Objective:

To study the role of various bronchoscopic and non-bronchoscopic diagnostic techniques for diagnosis of VAP.

Settings and Design:

This prospective comparative study was conducted in a medical ICU of a tertiary care center.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-five patients, clinically diagnosed with VAP, were evaluated by bronchoscopic and non-bronchoscopic procedures for diagnosis. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of various bronchoscopic and non-bronchoscopic techniques were calculated, taking clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) of ≥6 as reference standard.

Results:

Our study has shown that for the diagnosis of VAP, bronchoscopic brush had a sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 94.9% [confidence interval (CI): 70.6–99.7], 57.1% (CI: 13.4–86.1), 85% (CI: 61.1–96) and 80% (CI: 21.9–98.7), respectively. Bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) had a sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of 77.8% (CI: 51.9–92.6), 71.8% (CI: 24.1–94), 87.3% (CI: 60.4–97.8) and 55.5% (CI: 17.4–82.6), respectively. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV for non–bronchoscopic BAL (NBAL) were 83.3% (CI: 57.7–95.6), 71.43% (CI: 24.1–94), 88.2% (CI: 62.3–97.4) and 62.5% (CI: 20.2–88.2), respectively. Endotracheal aspirate (ETA) yield was only 52% and showed poor concordance with BAL (κ-0.351; P-0.064) and NBAL (k-0.272; P-0.161). There was a good microbiologic concordance among different bronchoscopic and non-bronchoscopic distal airway sampling techniques.

Conclusion:

NBAL is an inexpensive, easy, and useful technique for microbiologic diagnosis of VAP. Our findings, if verified, might simplify the approach for the diagnosis of VAP.     

Unexpected difficult intubation due to lingual tonsillar hyperplasia in a thoracotomy patient: intubation with the double-lumen tube using stylet and fiberoptic bronchoscopy

Lingual tonsillar hyperplasia is rare, and it may cause difficulty with tracheal intubation during induction of general anesthesia. A different orotracheal intubation technique was performed using a double-lumen endotracheal tube, flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, and a stylet, in an unexpected difficult endobronchial intubation case due to massive lingual tonsillar hyperplasia.     

Use of premedication for intubation in tertiary neonatal units in the United Kingdom

Background:  Endotracheal intubation and laryngoscopy are frequently performed procedures in neonatal intensive care. These procedures represent profoundly painful stimuli and have been associated with laryngospasm, bronchospasm, hemodynamic changes, raised intracranial pressure and an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage. These adverse changes can cause significant neonatal morbidity but may be attenuated by the use of suitable premedication.
Aims:  To evaluate current practices for premedication use prior to elective intubation in UK tertiary neonatal units.
Methods:  Telephone questionnaire survey of all 50 tertiary neonatal units in the UK.
Results:  Ninety percent of units report the routine use of sedation prior to intubation and 82% of units routinely use a muscle relaxant. Morphine was the most commonly used sedative and suxamethonium was the most commonly used muscle relaxant. Approximately half of the units also used atropine during intubation. Seventy seven percent of units had a written policy for premedication. Ten percent of the units did not routinely use any sedatives or muscle relaxants for elective intubation.
Conclusions:  In comparison with data from a 1998 survey, our study demonstrated an increase in the number of units that have adopted a written policy for premedication use, and in the number routinely using premedication drugs for elective intubation. There remains little consensus as to which drugs should be used and in what dose.     

实用新型气管导管在困难气管插管中的临床应用研究

目的研究实用新型气管导管“在困难气管插管中的临床应用价值;方法60例困难（或异常）气道患者,I组（n=60）：在麻醉诱导下,首先采用目前临床上使用的经口气管导管（传统气管导管）插管,在不用管芯情况下,分析其插管成功率;Ⅱ组：在I组2次插管不成功者归为Ⅱ纽,并换用实用新型气管导管插管,在不用管芯情况下分析其插管成功率;结果I组1次插管成功率为11．67％,3次插管总成功率为18．33％;Ⅱ组1次插管成功率为71．43％。3次插管总成功率为93．88％,两组1次插管成功率和3次插管总成功率相比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈O．01）;结论实用新型气管导管比传统气管导管有3大优点,①具有良好的可塑性;②无需辅用气管管芯插管;③能极易发挥软导引管的引导作用。说明实用新型气管导管比传统气管导管更加实用。     

Clinical assessment of awake endotracheal intubation using the lightwand technique alone in patients with difficult airways

Background There is few study to determine whether the use of the lightwand technique alone could achieve effective, safe and successful awake endotracheal intubation （ETI）, therefore we designed a prospective clinical study to systematically evaluate the feasibility, safety and efficacy of awake ETI using the lightwand alone in patients with difficult airways.
Methods Seventy adult patients with difficult airways were enrolled in this study. After the desired sedation with fentanyl and midazolam, airway topical anesthesia was performed with 9 ml of 2% lidocaine, which were in order sprayed in three aliquots at 5 minutes intervals into the supraglottic （two doses） and laryngotracheal areas （one dose） using a combined unit of the lightwand and MADgic atomizer. After airway topical anesthesia, awake ETI was performed using a Lightwand. Subjective assessments by patients and operators using the visual analogue scores （VAS）, and objective assessments by an independent investigator using patients＇ tolerance and reaction scores, coughing severity, intubating conditions and cardiovascular variables were taken as the observed parameters.
Results Of 210 airway sprays, 197 （93.8%） were successfully completed on the first attempt. The total time for airway spray was （14.6±1.5） minutes. During airway topical anesthesia, the average patients＇ tolerance scores were 1.7-2.3. After airway topical anesthesia, the mean VAS for discomfort levels that the patients reported was 6.5. Also airway topical anesthesia procedure was rated as acceptable and no discomfort by 94.3% of patients. The lightwand-guided awake ETI was successfully completed on first attempt within 29 seconds in all patients. During awake ETI, patients＇ reaction and coughing scores were 1.9 and 1.6, respectively. All patients exhibited excellent or acceptable intubating conditions. Cardiovascular monitoring revealed that changes of systolic blood pressure and heart rate at each stage of airway manipulations were less than 20% of baseline values. The postoperative follow-up showed that 95.7% of patients had no recall or slight memories of all airway instrumentation. The incidence of postoperative mild airway complications was 38.6%.
Conclusion Alone use of the lightwand technique can achieve effective, safe and successful awake ETI in patients with difficult airways.     

双管喉罩置入与气管插管在脑室腹腔分流手术麻醉中的应用比较

目的 比较PRO-SEAL LMA喉罩和气管插管用于脑室腹腔分流手术对患者呼吸循环和并发症的影响.方法 43例在全麻下实施脑室腹腔分流手术的患者,ASA Ⅱ～Ⅲ级,年龄23～67岁,随机被分为PRO-SEAL LMA喉罩组(LMA组)(n=22)和气管插管组(TT组)(n=21).分别记录麻醉前(T1)、插入喉罩/气...     

罗库溴铵对丙泊酚麻醉诱导气管插管时熵指数的影响

目的 评价罗库溴铵对丙泊酚麻醉诱导气管插管时熵指数的影响.方法 丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉诱导患者40例,随机分为0.6mg/kg罗库溴铵组(R组)和0.9%NaCl溶液组(S组),每组各20例.麻醉诱导2～3 min后快速气管插管.记录麻醉诱导前(Ta)和诱导后(Tb)、静脉注射罗库溴铵或0.9%NaCl溶液后2min(Tc)、气管插管后即刻(T)、气管插管后1、2和3min(T1、T2、T3)时反应熵(RE)和状态熵(SE).结果T2时S组RE-SE高于R组.气管插管可致RE和SE升高.与T0比较.R组和S组在T2时SE分别由50±8降至42±7和55±12降至43±13,RE由54±9降至45±6和66±15降至48±16(P<0.05).T0时S组RE和RE-SE明显升高.结论 罗库溴铵影响RE-SE以及RE和RE-SE对气管插管的反应,神经肌肉阻滞药物可能会干扰气管插管时熵指数的监测.