Effect of varied training techniques on field endotracheal intubation success rates

A pool of 146 mobile intensive care unit paramedics was divided into four equal groups and trained in the technique of direct laryngoscopic endotracheal intubation of cardiac arrest or deeply comatose patients. Group 1 was selected from supervisors and crew chiefs and trained as preceptors. The remaining paramedics were assigned to three other study groups. Groups 1 and 2 were trained with a didactic presentation followed by manikin practice, an animal laboratory exercise, and operating room experience. Group 3 had no OR experience; Group 4 had only didactic/manikin training. Intubations were observed by preceptors on scene. During the study period of 27 months, 689 of 763 patients (90.3%) were successfully intubated by 122 paramedics. While results suggest variation in skill levels according to training group (Group 1, 92.4%; Group 2, 87.6%, Group 3, 83.3%; Group 4, 76.9%), statistical analysis allowing for the variables of seniority and number of intubations performed by personnel failed to reveal differences in groups attributable to training programs. Complication rates were relatively low for all groups, the most common being prolonged intubation attempts. A significant improvement in the skill was seen as the study progressed when groups are pooled and compared. The findings suggest that endotracheal intubation of deeply comatose or cardiac arrest patients is a field procedure that can be performed safely and skillfully by well-monitored paramedical personnel. Operating room or animal laboratory experience may increase initial success levels, but these factors do not appear to greatly influence eventual performance or incidence of complications of the procedure.     

“J”状塑型双腔气管导管插管操作对成功率及术后声音嘶哑、咽喉痛的影响

目的 观察双腔气管导管(double-lumen endotracheal tube,DLT)塑型对插管成功率及术后声音嘶哑(声嘶)、咽喉痛的影响,从而为寻求更好的DLT塑型插管提供依据. 方法 择期全身麻醉下行胸科手术患者160例,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅲ级,参照随机数字表法分成DLT插管塑型组和非塑型组(每组80例),两组根据左右DLT插管各分为两组(A、B、C、D组,每组40例),又根据性别再各分为两个亚组(A1、A2、B1、B2、C1、C2、D1、D2组,每组20例).两组均采用经口明视气管插管,塑型组采用塑成“J”状的DLT进行插管,非塑型组采用未经塑型保留原有弯度的DLT进行插管.观察DLT插管时间、插管尝试次数及插反情况,患者术后声嘶、咽喉痛发生率及严重程度. 结果 塑型组插管时间[(154±6)s]明显短于非塑型组[(185±13)s](P＜0.05);塑型组插管尝试次数[(1.4±0.4)次]明显少于非塑型组[(1.7±0.8)次](P＜0.05);塑型组插反情况(3次)明显比非塑型组少(11次)(P＜0.05),且与性别无关,但左DLT比右DLT易于插反(P＜0.05).患者术后声嘶发生率塑型组(15/80)明显低于非塑型组(33/80)(P＜0.05);患者术后咽喉痛发生率塑型组(15/80)明显低于非塑型组(31/80) (P＜0.05),且与性别有关,女性较男性术后易发生声嘶、咽喉痛. 结论 “J”状DLT塑型插管成功率高、刺激小,可降低患者术后声嘶、咽喉痛发生率,具有一定的临床推广意义.     

A prolonged observational study of tracheal tube displacements: Benchmarking an incidence <0.5-1% in a medical-surgical adult intensive care unit

Background and Aims:

Tracheal tubes are commonly used in intensive care unit (ICU) and lead to complications like displacements. The primary aim of the study was to evaluate if the rate of tracheal tube displacement benchmarked at <1% per patient and <0.5% per tracheal tube day, could be sustained over a prolonged period. The secondary aim was to document the patterns of all forms airway accident and to evaluate their consequences.

Subjects and Methods:

This was a prospective observational study of Intubated and ventilated patients in a General Medical-Surgical Adult ICU. The incidence of accidental extubation, self extubation, partial displacement and blockages of tracheal tubes were recorded.

Results:

The overall tracheal tube displacement rate was 61/10,112 (0.6%) per patient and 61/28,464 (0.22%) per tracheal tube day. There were 30 additional incidents of blockage, kinking or biting of the tracheal tube. Physiological consequences-69 were mild, 10 moderate, 12 major and one death. Of the 91 accidents, 30 were partly and 30 were completely preventable. 76 incidents involved an endotracheal tube (54 displaced, 12 blocked and 10 bitten-kinked) and 15 a tracheostomy tube (seven displaced and eight blocked). Accidents were more common in medical than surgical patients (medical = 48, cardiac surgical = 17 and other surgical/trauma = 26).

Conclusion:

Tracheal tube displacement rate in a mixed medical-surgical adult ICU was maintained below the pre-set benchmark of <1% per patient and <0.5% per intubated day over nearly a decade.     

早期气管插管联合镇痛镇静治疗脑梗死合并严重延髓麻痹的临床分析

背景 脑梗死常合并严重延髓麻痹,传统气管插管时机较迟,因长时间的延髓麻痹,导致治疗难度增大,预后变差。目的 探讨早期气管插管联合镇痛镇静治疗脑梗死合并严重延髓麻痹的效果。方法 选择2020年5月至2021年5月该院收治的脑梗死并发严重延髓麻痹患者70例,分为早期插管组（35例）和传统插管组（35例）,插管后均予以丙泊酚,瑞芬太尼镇痛镇静。比较两组患者插管前及插管后的动脉血气分析指标;气管插管前病情危重程度及3个月时预后评价［美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、格拉斯哥昏迷量表(GCS)评分、改良Rankin评分量表(mRS)评分、洼田饮水试验评分、急性缺血性脑卒中相关肺炎评分(AIS-APS)］;全身并发症(肺部感染、消化道出血、急性心力衰竭、急性肾功能衰竭）的发生率;临床转归及预后：发病至插管时间,在ICU住院天数,长期无法拔管患者例数,可拔管患者插管至拔管天数。结果 两组患者插管后的动脉血气分析指标均有好转(P<0.05)。与传统插管组比较,早期插管组能减少肺部感染、消化道出血、急性心力衰竭发生率(P<0.05);肾功能衰竭有减少趋势,但无统计学差异(P>0.05)。与传统插管组比较,早期插管组,发病至插管时间更短(P<0.05);在ICU住院天数更短(P<0.05)。长期无法拔管患者例数两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而可拔管患者插管至拔管时间,早期插管组更短(P<0.05)。3个月时,早期插管组预后较传统插管组好（NIHSS评分、GCS评分、mRS评分、洼田饮水试验评分、AIS-APS评分）,均P<0.05)。结论 早期气管插管联合镇痛镇静能减轻病情严重程度,能减少全身并发症发生率,促进病情恢复,改善远期预后。     

可视软镜下导引型气管导管在颈椎手术中经口气管插管的效果北大核心CSCD

目的观察和比较可视软镜下导引型气管导管和加强型气管导管在颈椎手术患者中应用的效果。方法选择择期全身麻醉颈椎手术患者86例,男51例,女35例,年龄34~64岁,BMI 19~24 kg/m^(2),ASAⅡ或Ⅲ级。采用随机数字表法将患者分为三组:斜面不朝向患者头端组(NTH组,n=28)、斜面朝向患者头端组(TH组,n=29)和导引型气管导管组(GT组,n=29)。NTH组和TH组患者采用加强型气管导管,NTH组导管斜面朝向患者头端,TH组导管斜面不朝向患者头端,GT组患者采用无斜面的导引型气管导管。记录气管插管时间、置管时间、置管次数、插管过程中低氧血症例数和置管难度分级;记录首次置管成功例数和低氧血症发生率;记录术后吞咽困难、咽喉疼痛和声音嘶哑发生情况。结果TH组和GT组插管时间、置管时间明显短于NTH组(P<0.05),置管次数明显少于NTH组(P<0.05),首次置管成功率明显高于NTH组(P<0.05),置管难度明显低于NTH组(P<0.05),吞咽困难、咽喉疼痛、声音嘶哑发生率明显低于NTH组(P<0.05)。GT组置管难度明显低于TH组(P<0.05)。三组低氧血症发生率差异无统计学意义。结论可视软镜引导下颈椎手术患者经口气管插管,采用气管导管斜面朝向患者头端和导引型气管导管,置管更快速、高效,术后并发症发生率低。使用导引型气管导管置管操作更简单、难度更低。     

Which endotracheal tube location minimises the device‐related pressure ulcer risk: The centre or a corner of the mouth?

The use of an endotracheal tube (ETT), which is required for any mechanical ventilation procedure, involves an inherent risk for facial skin, lip, and mucosal pressure ulcers. The ETT is one of the most common devices associated with medical device‐related pressure ulcers (MDRPUs) among surgical and intensive care unit patients. In the present work, we investigated, for the first time in the literature, the biomechanical effects of the presence and positioning of an ETT in the mouth on lip, mucosal and surrounding facial skin loads. Using two anatomically realistic finite element model variants, two ETT locations were simulated and compared, at the centre versus the corner of the mouth. Our study shows that a central location of the ETT inflicted greater lip and mucosal stress values, but a corner location caused a more widespread and diffused lip, mucosal and facial skin stress exposure. Accordingly, we cannot recommend a “safer” location for ETTs in the mouth; additional preventative measures such as dedicated dressing materials or special cushioning pads applied prophylactically, should be developed to protect from MDRPUs associated with ETT usage. The present modelling framework can be used to study the biomechanical efficacy of such protective technologies, and can therefore aid in the prevention of ETT‐caused MDRPUs.