Drug D,a Diosgenin Derive,Inhibits L-Arginine-Induced Acute Pancreatitis through Meditating GSDMD in the Endoplasmic Reticulum via the TXNIP/HIF-1α Pathway

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common causes of hospitalization for gastrointestinal diseases, with high morbidity and mortality. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and Gasdermin D (GSDMD) mediate AP, but little is known about their mutual influence on AP. Diosgenin has excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. This study investigated whether Diosgenin derivative D (Drug D) inhibits L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis through meditating GSDMD in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Our studies were conducted in a mouse model of L-arginine-induced AP as well as in an in vitro model on mouse pancreatic acinar cells. The GSDMD accumulation in ER was found in this study, which caused ERS of acinar cells. GSDMD inhibitor Disulfiram (DSF) notably decreased the expression of GSDMD in ER and TXNIP/HIF-1α signaling. The molecular docking study indicated that there was a potential interaction between Drug D and GSDMD. Our results showed that Drug D significantly inhibited necrosis of acinar cells dose-dependently, and we also found that Drug D alleviated pancreatic necrosis and systemic inflammation by inhibiting the GSDMD accumulation in the ER of acinar cells via the TXNIP/HIF-1α pathway. Furthermore, the level of p-IRE1α (a marker of ERS) was also down-regulated by Drug D in a dose-dependent manner in AP. We also found that Drug D alleviated TXNIP up-regulation and oxidative stress in AP. Moreover, our results revealed that GSDMD^-/- mitigated AP by inhibiting TXNIP/HIF-1α. Therefore, Drug D, which is extracted from Dioscorea zingiberensis, may inhibit L-arginine-induced AP by meditating GSDMD in the ER by the TXNIP /HIF-1α pathway.     

铅对大鼠C6细胞GRP78表达的影响

目的观察不用时间点暴露于不同剂量醋酸铅后大鼠神经胶质瘤C6细胞葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucoseregulated protein 78,GRP78)表达量的影响,探讨不同时间不同剂量铅暴露对内质网应激反应的影响。方法Wistar大鼠神经胶质瘤C6细胞培养于含醋酸铅的培养液中,分别于不同时间终止染铅,用Western印迹法检测内质网GRP78表达量。结果(1)0.2μmol/L染铅组:7和30 d GRP78蛋白表达显著增高,其余各个时间点均无显著性变化;(2)1.0μmol/L染铅组:1 d后GRP78蛋白表达量开始显著增高,染铅30 d时已达到染铅前的6.3倍;(3)2.0μmol/L染铅组:0.5 h起GRP78表达量即显著增高,染铅7 d时达到高峰,是染铅前的4.3倍,到30 d时表达量又下降为染铅前的2.6倍。结论铅可以使Wistar大鼠神经胶质瘤细胞内质网上的GRP78蛋白应激性表达增加,内质网上的GRP78是铅的重要蓄积库。     

4-苯基丁酸对高果糖喂养大鼠肝脏脂质沉积及氧化应激的影响

目的：观察内质网应激(ERS)抑制剂4-苯基丁酸(4-PBA)对高果糖饮食喂养大鼠肝脏氧化应激的影响,以探讨ERS在高果糖喂养诱导脂肪肝中的介导作用及其与氧化应激的关系。方法雄性Wistar大鼠分为对照组、高果糖组和4-PBA组[自高果糖喂养4周后给予4-PBA 0.35 g/(kg·d)],8周后处死大鼠并测定肝脏甘油三酯(TG)含量。 PCR法检测ERS标志物葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)的基因表达。测定细胞中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及细胞中丙二醛(MDA)的含量。 Western blot法检测肝C/EBP同源蛋白( CHOP)。结果与对照组相比,高果糖组的肝脏TG含量、GRP78基因表达、CHOP蛋白表达显著增加(P<0．01),与高果糖组比较,4-PBA上述指标显著降低(P<0．01)。与对照组相比,高果糖组大鼠的SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性下降,MDA含量升高(P均<0.01),而4-PBA组的SOD、GSH-Px、CAT活性高于高果糖组,MDA含量低于高果糖组(P均<0.01)。结论长期高果糖喂养可诱导肝脏ERS和氧化应激,ERS抑制剂4-PBA可改善高果糖饮食诱导的肝脏氧化应激。     

姜黄素对大鼠视网膜缺血/再灌注损伤时内质网应激的影响

目的:探讨姜黄素对大鼠视网膜缺血/再灌注损伤(RIRI)时内质网应激(ERS)的影响。方法:选取清洁级SpragueDawley(SD)雄性大鼠96只,采用随机数字表法分为3组(n=32):对照组(C组)、缺血/再灌注组(I/R组)和姜黄素组(CUR组)。I/R组和CUR组采用前房灌注法使眼内压升高而制备大鼠RIRI模型,缺血60 min,再灌注24 h后结束实验。于缺血前60 min时,CUR组腹腔注射姜黄素100 mg/kg,C组和I/R组腹腔注射等容量生理盐水。各组于再灌注24 h时处死8只大鼠,取视网膜组织,光镜下观察病理学改变;采用TUNEL法检测视网膜组织细胞凋亡情况并计算凋亡指数(AI)。3组于再灌注24 h时处死8只大鼠,取视网膜组织,电镜下观察大鼠视网膜组织超微结构改变。3组于再灌注24h时处死8只大鼠,取视网膜组织,逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测大鼠视网膜组织中CCAAT增强子结合蛋白(C/EBP)同源蛋白(CHOP)、活化的转录因子4(ATF4)和X-盒结合蛋白-1(XBP1)mRNA表达。3组于再灌注24 h时处死8只大鼠,取视网膜组织,蛋白免疫印迹法(Western Blot)检测大鼠视网膜组织中、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)及含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶3(caspase-3)的蛋白表达,计算Bcl-2/Bax比值。结果:与C组比较,I/R组大鼠视网膜组织XBP-1、ATF4和CHOP mRNA表达明显上调(P0.05);与I/R组比较,CUR组大鼠视网膜组织XBP-1、ATF4和CHOP mRNA表达明显下调(P0.05)。与C组比较,I/R组大鼠视网膜组织CHOP、Bax和caspase-3蛋白表达升高,Bcl-2蛋白表达及Bcl-2/Bax比值均下降,与C组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),CUR组大鼠视网膜组织CHOP、Bax和caspase-3蛋白表达下降,Bcl-2蛋白表达及Bcl-2/Bax比值均升高,与I/R组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。与C组比较,I/R组大鼠视网膜组织出现形态结构及超微结构损伤,AI值升高(P0.05)。与I/R组比较,CUR组大鼠视网膜组织形态结构及超微结构损伤均减轻,AI值降低(P0.05)。结论:姜黄素可减轻大鼠RIRI,其机制可能与抑制ERS介导的细胞凋亡有关。     

Protective effects of Terminalia arjuna against Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity

Terminalia arjuna has been marked as a potential cardioprotective agent since vedic period. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of butanolic fraction of Terminalia arjuna bark (TA-05) on Doxorubicin (Dox)-induced cardiotoxicity. Male wistar rats were used as in vivo model for the study. TA-05 was administered orally to Wistar rats at different doses (0.42 mg/kg, 0.85 mg/kg, 1.7 mg/kg, 3.4 mg/kg and 6.8 mg/kg) for 6 days/week for 4 weeks. Thereafter, all the animals except saline and TA-05-treated controls were administered 20 mg/kg Dox intraperitonially. There was a significant decrease in myocardial superoxide dismutase (38.94%) and reduced glutathione (23.84%) in animals treated with Dox. Concurrently marked increase in serum creatine kinase-MB (CKMB) activity (48.11%) as well as increase in extent of lipid peroxidation (2.55-fold) was reported. Co-treatment of TA-05 and Dox resulted in an increase in the cardiac antioxidant enzymes, decrease in serum CKMB levels and reduction in lipid peroxidation as compared to Dox-treated animals. Electron microscopic studies in Dox-treated animals revealed mitochondrial swelling, Z-band disarray, focal dilatation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and lipid inclusions, whereas the concurrent administration of TA-05 led to a lesser degree of Dox-induced histological alterations. These findings suggest that butanolic fraction of Terminalia arjuna bark has protective effects against Dox-induced cardiotoxicity and may have potential as a cardioprotective agent.     

Melatonin protects N2a against ischemia/reperfusion injury through autophagy enhancement

Researches have shown that melatonin is neuroprotectant in ischemia/reperfusion-mediated injury.Although melatonin is known as an effective antioxidant,the mechanism of the protection cannot be explained merely by antioxidation.This study was devoted to explore other existing mechanisms by investigating whether melatonin protects ischemia/reperfusion-injured neurons through elevating autophagy,since autophagy has been frequently suggested to play a crucial role in neuron survival.To find it out,an ischemia/...     

Liver Damage Is Related to the Degree of Being Underweight in Anorexia Nervosa and Improves Rapidly with Weight Gain

Background: The present study investigates the relationship between hypertransaminasemia and malnutrition on the basis of a very large number of patients. We assume that the level of transaminases not only reflects the extent of underlying liver cell damage but also provides information about the metabolic situation under conditions of energy deficiency. Methods: We present an observational study in two different samples. The first sample consists of 3755 patients (mean age 22.7 years, Range 12–73 years; mean BMI 15.4 kg/m², range 8.1–25.7) out of a total of 4212 patients with anorexia nervosa treated in the Roseneck Clinic within five years for whom a complete admission laboratory was available. The second sample was obtained from a special ward for medically at-risk patients with eating disorders. During the period in question, four hundred and ten patients with anorexia nervosa were treated. One hundred and forty-two female patients (mean age 26.4 years, Range 18–63 years; mean BMI 11.5 kg/m², range 8.4–13) had a BMI of thirteen or less and a complete data set was obtained at admission and weekly in the following four weeks after admission. Results: The increase in liver transaminases shows a very high correlation with weight in sample one (N = 3755). The analysis of variance shows highly significant (<0.001) correlations with an F-value of 55 for GOT/AST and 63 for GPT/ALT. Nevertheless, the variance within the groups with the same BMI is quite high. With re-nutrition in sample two, GOT/AST decreased on average from 71 U/L to 26 U/L (MANOVA F 10.7, p < 0.001) and GPT/ALT from 88 to 41 U/L (F = 9.9, p < 0.001) within four weeks. Discussion: Below a BMI of about 13, the nutritional status of the patients becomes so critical that the energy supply of the patient is increasingly dependent on the autophagy of the liver, which can be seen in the very strong increase in transaminases here. Refeeding leads very quickly to the normalisation of the transaminases and, thus, a stabilisation of the metabolism leading also to a decrease in autophagy.