走有中国特色的合作经济发展之路

建立和发展有中国特色的合作经济 ,是建设有中国特色社会主义经济的题中应有之义。改革阻碍生产力发展的旧有体制 ,建立农民的合作经济组织 ,必须正确对待革命前辈们的合作制思想 ,正确对待外国经验 ,正确对待群众实践 ;同时必须遵循“解放思想、实事求是”的原则 ,坚持“三个有利于”的政治标准。通过改革创新 ,中国特色的合作经济必将在促进我国经济发展、实现我国跨世纪宏伟目标的过程中发挥更大的作用 ,为中国特色社会主义大厦增添新的辉煌     

一个常染色体显性智力低下1型家系的 MBD5基因新变异

目的:对1例智力、运动发育落后、语言发育严重受损、面部畸形合并癫痫的患儿及其家系成员进行基因变异分析。方法:应用全外显子分析技术对先证者进行致病变异筛查,结合先证者的表型确定候选致病位点,应用Sanger测序对先证者、父母及其他家系成员进行变异位点验证。结果:先证者携带 MBD5基因c.2217delT(p...     

家庭环境对儿童早期语言发育的影响

语言发育迟缓是儿童早期常见的发育问题,是影响儿童健康成长的重要因素之一。作为儿童早期所处的主要生活环境,家庭环境对儿童早期语言发育有重要影响,是决定儿童早期语言发育水平的关键因素之一。近年来,家庭环境对儿童早期语言发育影响的研究很多,已成为儿童语言发育领域的研究热点。本文对近期国内外探究家庭环境对儿童早期语言发育影响所取得的成果做一概述。     

婴幼儿500例智能发育筛查分析

目的：了解婴幼儿智能发育状况，探讨影响智能发育落后的因素，以早期干预和指导。方法对500例在我院儿保门诊体检的3~30月婴幼儿进行DST发育筛查，对其发育商（DQ）进行统计，并对可疑与异常婴幼儿进行单项能区评价，分析其影响因素。结果500例婴幼儿检出可疑42例（8.4%），异常4例（0.8%）；分析可疑与异常婴幼儿单项能区，检出运动落后34例（73.9%），社会适应落后26例（56.5%），智力落后12例（26.1%）。抚养方式对婴幼儿运动及社会适应有影响，分娩方式可能影响婴幼儿早期运动发育。结论 DST筛查能早期发现智能发育偏离儿童，有利于指导家长合理抚养和进行早期教育。     

Effects of low‐dose melamine exposure during pregnancy on maternal and fetal kidneys in rats

Despite the previous reports on melamine contamination in high concentrations some years ago, there were not many studies on low‐level exposure in daily life, particularly in pregnancy. We investigated the effect of low‐dose melamine on the kidneys of the pregnant rats and their developing embryos/fetuses during various gestational stages namely implantation, gastrulation, organogenesis, maturation and whole pregnancy. Our results showed that the repeated low level of melamine (12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg bw/d) during pregnancy did not cause obstruction of renal tubules although more precipitating crystals were found in the early gestational periods. Simple hyperplasia in the maternal tubules and pelvic epithelium were more prominent after exposed to melamine during the whole gestational period. Neonatal kidneys significantly suffered more from congestion in glomeruli and interstitium, dilated tubules and interstitial edema after melamine administration to the mother in the late and the whole gestational periods. A trend of advance of glomerular development in fetuses was also observed. We conclude that in utero exposure of low‐level melamine could post a risk on the kidneys of the pregnant mother as well as the developing fetuses, which may further increase the possibility of other health problems later in life.     

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??Stomatological emergency medicine has not became the secondary clinical discipline of oral medicine yet??and at present??its definition and academic position are still arbitrary. Based on China's health care system??this article analyzes the current situation of stomatological emergency medicine in China??tries to redefine its definition and puts forward ideas on the development direction and measures.     

The PaArticular Scales – A new outcome measure to quantify the impact of joint contractures on activities and participation in individuals in geriatric care: Development and Rasch analysis

BackgroundJoint contractures are frequent conditions in individuals in geriatric care settings and are associated with activity limitations and participation restrictions. As such, relevant intervention programs should address these aspects, and the effectiveness of such programs should be determined by assessing improvement in activities and participation. However, no patient-centred and psychometrically sound outcome measures for this purpose are available so far.ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to develop and to validate a new outcome measure, the PaArticular Scales, to quantify activities and participation in older individuals with joint contractures. Specific aims were (A) to operationalize the content of an International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-based standard set towards meaningful questions and to combine them to a questionnaire and (B) to assess the psychometric properties of the developed questionnaire, in detail to evaluate test–retest reliability, objectivity, internal consistency reliability and criterion validity.DesignOperationalization was reached by an expert consensus conference and a subsequent expert Delphi survey. Psychometric properties were assessed in a cross-sectional study.SettingsNursing homes, geriatric rehabilitation facilities.Participants23 experts (nurses, physicians, physical and occupational therapists) participated in the consensus conference and the Delphi survey. A total of 191 individuals with joint contractures (as confirmed by physician, nurse or physical therapist) between 65 and 102 years, living in nursing homes or as patients in geriatric rehabilitation were enrolled in the cross-sectional study.MethodsRasch Partial Credit Modelling.ResultsThe consensus conference and Delphi survey resulted in a questionnaire with 86 items of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Test–retest-reliability among those was acceptable (Cohen's weighted kappa: 0.779). The Rasch analysis revealed two independent interval-scaled scales with 24 items for the Activities scale and 11 items for the Participation scale with high internal consistency reliability. Cronbach's alpha was 0.96 for the Activities scale and 0.92 for the Participation scale. Criterion validity was −0.40 and −0.30 for the Activities scale and for the Participation scale, respectively.ConclusionsThe PaArticular Scales, a new patient-centred and psychometric sound outcome measures to comprehensively assess the impact of joint contractures in geriatric care, are available now. These developed scales will serve as primary outcomes in a scheduled evaluation of a complex intervention to improve participation and quality of life in nursing home residents with joint contractures.     

Interaction of Sex Steroid Hormones and Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor‐Tyrosine Kinase B Signalling: Relevance to Schizophrenia and Depression

Sex steroid hormones and neurotrophic factors are involved in pruning and shaping the developing brain and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. Sex steroid hormones are also involved in the regulation of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor expression. A review of the literature is provided on the relationship between brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and sex steroid hormones, as well as the mechanisms behind this interaction, in the context of how this relationship may be involved in the development of neurodevelopmental psychiatric illnesses, such as schizophrenia and depression.