两种家鸭高脂血症模型的建立与比较研究*

[目的]建立家鸭高脂血症模型,比较高剂量短时间和低剂量长时间两种造模方法的优劣.[方法]采用分别给予家鸭高剂量[玉米96.7％、调和油1.9％、食盐1.4％、禽用维生素0.1g/(kg·d),100g/(kg·d)]、短时间(28 d)(简称模型Ⅰ组)和低剂量[配料同上,50g/(kg·d)]、长时间(49 d)(简称模型Ⅱ组)方法建立模型,动态观察体质量、血清脂质、血糖.[结果]两组血清胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、血糖(GLU)均高于实验前,模型Ⅰ组血TG高于模型Ⅱ.[结论]两种方法均可建立高脂血症模型,而高剂量短时间造模方法从优于低剂量长时间造模方法.     

Secretion of inhibin and testicular expression of inhibin subunits in male duck embryos and newly hatched ducks

Concentrations of immunoreactive (ir-) inhibin in circulation, amniotic fluid, and testes of embryos and newly hatched ducks were determined from d 21 of incubation to d 1 of age. Plasma concentrations of FSH and LH were also determined by chicken radioimmunoassay (RIA) systems. In addition, gene expression and cellular source of inhibin were investigated by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. The results showed that plasma ir-inhibin gradually declined from d 21 to d 24, followed by an increase on d 25 and remained high until d 1 after hatching. FSH in plasma was high on d 21 followed by a sharp decline toward d 25 after which FSH levels stabilized. A reverse relationship was observed between inhibin and FSH during the late stage of incubation. Embryonic testes contained high ir-inhibin levels. Testicular ir-inhibin levels were relatively high at early time points with a peak on d 23, and significantly decreased from d 23 to d 24 and stabilized thereafter. Amniotic fluid concentrations of ir-inhibin were relatively low and remained constant between d 21 and d 25. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the expression of inhibin α- and βA-subunit mRNA was coexisted in the cells in the seminiferous tubules of testes on d 25. The immunoreactivity of inhibin βA- and βB-subunits was colocalized in the cells in the seminiferous tubules of testes on d 25. The results of dimeric inhibins determined by the ELISA method showed that inhibin B can be measured in embryonic testicular homogenate and pooled embryonic plasma. Although inhibin A was detected in testicular homogenate, it was under the detection limit in pooled embryonic plasma. In conclusion, these results indicate that cells in the seminiferous tubules of embryonic testes in ducks may secrete dimeric (bioactive) inhibins to circulation and that the FSH-inhibin feedback loop may become operational during the late stage of the incubation.     

Composite cellular defence stratagem in the avian respiratory system: functional morphology of the free (surface) macrophages and specialized pulmonary epithelia

Qualitative and quantitative attributes of the free respiratory macrophages (FRMs) of the lung--air sac systems of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus variant domesticus) and the muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) were compared with those of the alveolar macrophages of the lung of the black rat (Rattus rattus). The birds had significantly fewer FRMs compared to the rat. In the birds, the FRMs were found both in the lungs and in the air sacs. Under similar experimental conditions, the most robust FRMs were those of the domestic fowl followed by those of the rat and the duck. Flux of macrophages onto the respiratory surface from the subepithelial compartment and probably also from the pulmonary vasculature was observed in the birds but not in the rat. In the duck and the domestic fowl, a phagocytic epithelium that constituted over 70% of the surface area of the blood-gas (tissue) barrier lines the atrial muscles, the atria and the infundibulae. The epithelial cells of the upper respiratory airways contain abundant lysosomes, suggesting a high lytic capacity. By inference, the various defence strategies in the avian lung may explain the dearth of FRMs on the respiratory surface. We counter-propose that rather than arising directly from paucity of FRMs, an aspect that has been over-stressed by most investigators, the purported high susceptibility of birds (particularly table birds) to respiratory ailments and afflictions may be explained by factors such as inadequate management and husbandry practices and severe genetic manipulation for fast growth and high productivity, manipulations that may have weakened cellular and immunological defences.     

鸭乙型肝炎病毒感染特异细胞介导免疫检测方法的建立

目的：建立简便、特异的鸭乙型肝炎病毒（DHBV）感染特异细胞介导免疫（CMI）检测方法。方法：分别从DHBV强阳性的血清和肝组织中纯化DHBsAg、DHBcAg,Bradford法定量后，用于急性DHBV感染重庆麻鸭CMI的检测。结果：急性感染后10d鸭外周血单个核细胞（PBMC）快速出现对DHBsAg、DHBcAg的不同程度增殖反应，5周内下降至正常水平。7份刺激细胞上清DuIFN-γ检测结果为阳性，OD540nm读数介于0．062－0．108之间，细胞因子的表达水平与PBMC增殖反应强度呈现较好的相关性。结论：DHBV感染重庆麻鸭CMI检测方法的建立，为了解感染鸭特异免疫应答状态提供了重要参考。     

风鸭腌制新技术

采用正交试验设计，探讨了蛋白酶种类、腌制时间、腌制温度对风鸭风味和游离氨基酸产生，及亚硝酸钠、异抗坏血酸钠、乳酸用量和腌制时间对风鸭发色的影响。结果表明，蛋白酶种类、腌制时间、腌制温度对风鸭风味及游离氨基酸产生，及亚硝酸钠、异抗坏血酸钠、乳酸用量和腌制时间对风鸭的发色，均有显著性的影响。其最佳腌制条件：蛋白酶种类为毛霉蛋白酶 青霉蛋白酶 木瓜蛋白酶，腌制时间5h，腌制温度18℃，亚销酸钠、异抗坏血酸钠和乳酸用量分别为100mg/kg、300mg/kg和250mg/kg。     

Duck “beak atrophy and dwarfism syndrome” disease complex: Interplay of novel goose parvovirus‐related virus and duck circovirus?

As a newly emerged infectious disease, duck “beak atrophy and dwarfism syndrome (BADS )” disease has caused huge economic losses to waterfowl industry in China since 2015. Novel goose parvovirus‐related virus (NGPV ) is believed the main pathogen of BADS disease; however, BADS is rarely reproduced by infecting ducks with NGPV alone. As avian circovirus infection causes clinical symptoms similar to BADS , duck circovirus (DuCV ) is suspected the minor pathogen of BADS disease. In this study, an investigation was carried out to determine the coinfection of NGPV and DuCV in duck embryos and in ducks with BADS disease. According to our study, the coinfection of emerging NGPV and DuCV was prevalent in East China (Shandong, Jiangsu and Anhui province) and could be vertical transmitted, indicating their cooperative roles in duck BADS disease.     

载脂蛋白质B mRNA编辑酶催化多肽3G抑制乙型肝炎病毒和鸭乙型肝炎病毒复制

目的了解载脂蛋白质BmRNA编辑酶催化多肽3G（APOBEC3G）对乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）和鸭乙型肝炎炎病毒（DHBV）复制的抑制作用。方法从健康人外周血单个核细胞提取RNA，逆转录聚合酶链反应扩增APOBEC3G，将产物克隆到pXF3H载体的EcoRⅠ和Hind Ⅲ酶切位点以构建真核表达质粒；以ayw亚型HBV全长质粒构建具有复制能力的1．3倍HBV质粒（pHBV1．3）。不同剂量的APOBEC3G真核表达质粒与pHBV1．3共转染HepG2细胞；酶联免疫吸附法检测细胞培养上清液的乙型肝炎表面抗原和e抗原水平，Southernblot和Northernblot分析HBV核衣壳相关DNA和RNA的水平变化。不同剂量APOBEC3G真核表达质粒与头尾相接的2倍DHBV质粒共转染LMH鸡肝癌细胞，Southernblot分析DHBV核衣壳相关DNA水平变化。结果成功构建APOBEC3G真核表达质粒和具有复制能力的1．3倍HBV质粒。APOBEC3G抑制乙型肝炎表面抗原和e抗原的分泌，转染细胞内HBV核衣壳相关RNA表达水平下降，而对核心蛋白质的表达没有影响；APOBEC3G对转染细胞内HBV和DHBV核衣壳相关DNA水平具有剂量依赖的抑制效应。结论APOBEC3G对HBV和DHBV复制具有抑制作用。     

肝康栓抗鸭乙型肝炎病毒和改善肝脏病理的作用

[目的]用鸭乙型肝炎（乙肝）模型研究肝康栓抗鸭乙型肝炎病毒（DHBV）和改善肝脏病理的作用。[方法]用DHBV阳性血清感染1d龄的樱桃谷雏鸭，制备鸭乙肝模型。将其中36只感染阳性鸭随机分成3组：肝康栓治疗组，0．85％氯化钠模型组和阿昔洛韦（ACV）对照组，每组12只，均连续给药4周。分别于给药前，给药14、28d和停药7d时取血清，用实时定量PCR法检测鸭血清中DHIWDNA拷贝数。于停药7d时，处死各组雏鸭，取肝脏病理切片苏木精一伊红染色后，观察肝脏炎症情况和肝细胞变性程度。[结果]肝康栓治疗组给药14、28d及停药7d时鸭血清中DHBVDNA拷贝数的对数值均较给药前降低（均P〈0.01）。肝康栓治疗组雏鸭肝脏的肝细胞肿胀率、空泡变率、嗜酸性变率均较同期模型组降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05，〈20．01）。[结论]肝康栓能有效地抑制鸭体内DHBVDNA的复制，并具有改善肝脏病理的作用。     

Gastrointestinal helminthes of green–winged teal (Anas crecca) from North Iran

ObjectiveTo determine the helminth parasites of Anas crecca (A. crecca) in one of proper refuges of Iran, Fereydunkenar.MethodsA total number of one hundred thirty-six gastrointestinal tracts of green-winged teal (A. crecca) were collected from Fereydunkenar, Mazandaran province during September and October 2011. The gastrointestinal tracts were examined for helminth infection.ResultsThe total infection rate was 70.50% (96) that 68.96% (40) of males and 71.79% (56) of females shown helminthes infection. The examined A. crecca harbored one species of Nematoda, Cestoda and two species of Digenea which were as following: Contracaecum larvae (from stomach wall), Diorchis stefanskii (D. stefanskii) (from small intestine), Hypoderaeum conoideum (from small intestine) and Notocotylus attenuatus (N. attenuatus) (from caecum), respectively. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of infection between examined males and females ducks in Hypoderaeum conoideum, D. stefanskii and N. attenuatus (P>0.05) whereas a significant relationship was observed between males and females in Contracaecum larvae (P<0.05).ConclusionsBased on the results of the present study, we conclude that A. crecca plays a prominent role in transmission of mentioned parasites. In addition, this is the first report of Contracaecum larvae, D. stefanskii and N. attenuatus from A. crecca in Iran.     

风鸭风干工艺条件的优化

采用正交试验探讨了微生物菌种、风速、相对湿度、风干时间、温度对风鸭风味及游离氨基酸产生的影响 .结果表明 ,这些因素对风鸭风味及游离氨基酸产生均有显著的影响 .其最佳风干条件为 ,菌种 :乳酸链球菌 +丁二酮链球菌 +微球菌 ;风速 :5m/s;相对湿度 :68% ;风干时间 :75h ;温度 :1 6℃ .