Innovative pulmonary targeting of terbutaline sulfate-laded novasomes for non-invasive tackling of asthma: statistical optimization and comparative in vitro/in vivo evaluation

Asthma represents a globally serious non-communicable ailment with significant public health outcomes for both pediatrics and adults triggering vast morbidity and fatality in critical cases. The β₂-adrenoceptor agonist, terbutaline sulfate (TBN), is harnessed as a bronchodilator for monitoring asthma noising symptoms. Nevertheless, the hepatic first-pass metabolism correlated with TBN oral administration mitigates its clinical performance. Likewise, the regimens of inhaled TBN dosage forms restrict its exploitation. Consequently, this work is concerned with the assimilation of TBN into a novel non-phospholipid nanovesicular paradigm termed novasomes (NVS) for direct and effective TBN pulmonary targeting. TBN-NVS were tailored based on the thin film hydration method and Box-Behnken design was applied to statistically optimize the formulation variables. Also, the aerodynamic pattern of the optimal TBN-NVS was explored via cascade impaction. Moreover, comparative pharmacokinetic studies were conducted using a rat model. TBN elicited encapsulation efficiency as high as 70%. The optimized TBN-NVS formulation disclosed an average nano-size of 223.89 nm, ζ potential of −31.17 mV and a sustained drug release up to 24 h. Additionally, it manifested snowballed in vitro lung deposition behavior in cascade impactor with a fine particle fraction of 86.44%. In vivo histopathological studies verified safety of intratracheally-administered TBN-NVS. The pharmacokinetic studies divulged 3.88-fold accentuation in TBN bioavailability from the optimum TBN-NVS versus the oral TBN solution. Concisely, the results proposed that NVS are an auspicious nanovector for TBN pulmonary delivery with integral curbing of the disease owing to target specificity.     

The Role of Human-Centered Design in Insulin Pen Innovation and the Future of Insulin Delivery

Insulin pens have made a dramatic impact on diabetes care, with evidence suggesting that they promote performance of self-care and reduce negative health outcomes for people with diabetes. Human-centered design (HCD), practiced by IDEO for over 40 years and together with Eli Lilly for over 15 years, has helped to design insulin pens that evolved with the needs of people with diabetes. HCD employs unique methods that help to uncover people’s needs and design with them in mind. The future of diabetes care is bright with the ongoing application of HCD methodology in this space.     

Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Artificial Seawater Splitting over Amorphous Carbon Nitride: Optimization and Process Parameters Study via Response Surface Modeling

Photocatalytic water splitting has garnered tremendous attention for its capability to produce clean and renewable H₂ fuel from inexhaustible solar energy. Until now, most research has focused on scarce pure water as the source of H₂, which is not consistent with the concept of sustainable energy. Hence, the importance of photocatalytic splitting of abundant seawater in alleviating the issue of pure water shortages. However, seawater contains a wide variety of ionic components which have unknown effects on photocatalytic H₂ production. This work investigates photocatalytic seawater splitting conditions using environmentally friendly amorphous carbon nitride (ACN) as the photocatalyst. The individual effects of catalyst loading (X₁), sacrificial reagent concentration (X₂), salinity (X₃), and their interactive effects were studied via the Box–Behnken design in response surface modeling towards the H₂ evolution reaction (HER) from photocatalytic artificial seawater splitting. A second-order polynomial regression model is predicted from experimental data where the variance analysis of the regressions shows that the linear term (X₁, X₂), the two-way interaction term X₁X₂, and all the quadratic terms (X₁₂, X₂₂, X₂₃) pose significant effects towards the response of the HER rate. Numerical optimization suggests that the highest HER rate is 7.16 µmol/h, achievable by dosing 2.55 g/L of ACN in 45.06 g sea salt/L aqueous solution containing 17.46 vol% of triethanolamine. Based on the outcome of our findings, an apparent effect of salt ions on the adsorption behavior of the photocatalyst in seawater splitting with a sacrificial reagent has been postulated.     

修正酸碱失衡预计代偿公式的初步研究

目的编制更为合理的单纯性酸碱失衡预计代偿范围计算公式。方法采纳Hamm公式的最大代偿系数及周寿生公式的代偿范围,编制成修正代偿公式。结果修正酸碱失衡预计代偿公式（修正公式）有A、B两种表达式,其最后计算结果完全一致,A表达式：代谢性酸中毒：PaCO2=40-1.4×△[HCO3-]↓＋（0-5）;代谢性碱中毒：PaCO2=40＋0.9×△[HCO3-]↑-（0-5）;急性呼吸性酸中毒：[HCO3-]=24＋0.175×△PaCO2↑-（0-3）;慢性呼吸性酸中毒：[HCO3-]=24＋0.55×△PaCO2↑-（0-3）;急性呼吸性碱中毒：[HCO3-]=24-0.25×△PaCO2↓＋（0-3）;慢性呼吸性碱中毒：[HCO3-]=24-0.5×△PaCO2↓＋（0-3）。B表达式与周寿生公式形式类似（略）。结论修正公式推理成立,无过度代偿,可减少双重性失衡的误判或漏判,且应用方便。     

朱砂安神丸薄层扫描鉴定

本文研究了朱砂安神丸的定性鉴别方法。采用均匀设计试验法选取最佳展开剂和展距,以双波长薄层扫描指纹谱进行定性鉴别,是一种迅速而有效的方法。     

应用均匀设计研究天冬甜精中间体合成工艺

运用均匀设计,结合关联度分析和回归分析,借助电子计算机考察了天冬甜精中间体的合成工艺。通过四因素试验,仅进行八个实验就得到了较高的收率。     

均匀设计法优选丁香叶提取工艺

目的优选丁香叶的提取工艺,为炎立消片的生产工艺和剂型改革提供理论支持。方法用均匀设计法安排试验,以提取液中原儿茶酸的含量为检测指标,考察乙醇浓度、溶剂用量、提取时间对提取率的影响,优选合理提取工艺。结果丁香叶采用8倍量90％乙醇提取60min,可将丁香叶的原儿茶酸基本提出。结论优选的提取工艺稳定、可靠。     

Optimization of Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Rapid Resolution LC-MS/ESI Identification of Chromones from Saposhnikoviae Radix through Orthogonal Array Design

Objective To establish a rapid and effective supercritical fluid extraction(SFE) and rapid resolution liquid chromatography method coupled with diode-array detector(RRLC-DAD) to quantify the chromones in a species. Methods The effects of four parameters including ethanol concentration(50%-90%), pressure(25-45 MPa), temperature(40-60 ℃), and time(30-90 min) on the chromones yields, namely prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, cimifugin, 5-O-methylvisammioside, and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol, were investigated using SFE system with orthogonal array design(OAD). Furthermore, the extracts were analyzed using rapid resolution liquid chromatography coupled with diode-array detector(RRLC-DAD) system to confirm the results. Results Under the optimized conditions, i.e., 35 MPa of pressure, 60 ℃ of temperature, 70% ethanol, and 60 min of time, the yields of prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, cimifugin, 5-O-methylvisammioside, sec-O-glucosylhamaudol, and total chromones were 3.514, 0.132, 6.242, 0.342, and 10.231 mg/g, respectively. In comparison with ultrasonic assisted extraction(UAE), SFE was able to yield a 20.7% increase in the total chromones from Saposhnikoviae Radix. Conclusion SFE is an alternative and promising method to extract chromones from this species, and the established RRLC-DAD method could serve as a rapid and effective method for the identification of chromones from Saposhnikoviae Radix.     

大黄酚包合物的制备及其体外释药的研究

目的 筛选制备大黄酚包合物的最佳工艺.方法 采用正交试验设计以包封率和栽药量为指标筛选最佳工艺条件,采用HPLC法测定其含量.结果 大黄酚与β-环糊精的比例为1:4,包合温度为40℃,包合时间为30 min,搅拌速度为200 r·min-1时包封率最高.结论 大黄酚包合物制备工艺简单、方便,体外释放速度快.     

止痛贴膏剂的制备工艺研究

目的优选止痛贴膏剂制备工艺及其基质配比。方法以感官指标总评和剥离强度为指标,采用单因素考察筛选主要基质的变化范围;再应用正交设计法,优选各因素的最佳条件。结果贴膏剂最佳基质配比是部分被中和的聚丙烯酸(简称NP700)∶甘油∶酒石酸∶交联剂[AlCl3∶Al(OH)3]=2.1∶15∶0.023∶(0.019∶0.013)。结论优选出的基质配比可制备质量较佳的贴膏剂。