Low platelet MAO activity associated with high dysfunctional impulsivity and antisocial behavior: evidence from drunk drivers

Rationale Low platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity is associated with problem drinking and other deviant behaviors. Since the majority of alcohol abusers are smokers, and tobacco smoke has a direct inhibitory effect on the enzyme, these associations may not be meaningful.Objective The authors compared platelet MAO activity and impulsivity in police-referred subjects caught driving while intoxicated and in control subjects, controlling for smoking.Methods Platelet MAO activity was measured radioenzymatically and impulsivity scores obtained from questionnaires. Smoking status was self-reported.Results Subjects caught driving while intoxicated had significantly higher dysfunctional impulsivity and lower platelet MAO activity than control subjects. This difference in platelet MAO activity between the two groups was significant in non-smokers and ex-smokers.Conclusions These findings demonstrate that platelet MAO activity is lower in subjects with socially deviant behavior, and the association of low platelet MAO and problem drinking is not an artifact of smoking.     

基于生理信号的疲劳驾驶风险检测方法的研究进展

为避免疲劳驾驶、减少道路交通事故的发生,通过对疲劳驾驶的危害性、特征表现、产生原因及国内外疲劳检测技术现状的分析,采用心脑血管健康及疾病风险评估方法,利用脑电信号、心电信号、脉搏信号等生理信号的检测,对驾驶者的疲劳机理和表征进行研究,综述基于生理信号的疲劳检测方法能够及时有效的预防和减少道路交通事故的发生。     

基于内在驱动因素模型的医院绩效方案评价

目的：从绩效评价系统的内在驱动力因素入手,探索评价绩效方案的方法,辅助医院建立和完善绩效评价体制。方法以某医院为研究对象,通过因子分析验证文献研究,建立评价模型并做模糊综合评价。结果正规化、目标设置、公平感知是评价绩效方案有效性的三个维度;经过计算和检验,该医院运行的绩效方案评价比较好。结论兼顾良好公平性,合理目标设置,适度正规化的绩效制度,能有效提高医疗效率,促进医疗资源的优化配置;助推医院完成战略式发展,最终实现两个效益。     

外磁场驱动无线胶囊式内窥镜的动力学模型

目的：建立外磁场驱动无线胶囊式内窥镜驱动力的动力学模型,并对模型进行仿真与实验。方法：磁场随线圈组中电流大小以及方向的改变而改变,利用磁场的改变控制无线胶囊式内窥镜的运动。结果：开发了OV7930外围电路PCB,并按设计组装成磁控无线胶囊式内窥镜胶囊。结论：实验中采集到清晰的图像,证明了该模型设计的可行性。     

Practical and statistical challenges in driving research

Driving is an integral aspect of many modern societies, and motor vehicle safety is an important public health issue. With advances in sensor technology, more and more driving data are being collected by researchers, insurers, and automobile companies, which has increased the need and opportunities for statisticians to be involved in driving research. This report discusses several practical and statistical challenges in driver-level studies, including the process of defining meaningful driving metrics, issues related to “Big Data” aspects of driving research, and the principle of reproducible research.     

Orally administered cannabidiol does not produce false-positive tests for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol on the Securetec DrugWipe® 5S or Dräger DrugTest® 5000

Many jurisdictions use point-of-collection (POC) oral fluid testing devices to identify driving under the influence of cannabis, indexed by the presence of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an intoxicating cannabinoid, in oral fluid. Although the use of the non-intoxicating cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD), is not prohibited among drivers, it is unclear whether these devices can reliably distinguish between CBD and THC, which have similar chemical structures. This study determined whether orally administered CBD produces false-positive tests for THC on standard, POC oral fluid testing devices. In a randomised, double-blind, crossover design, healthy participants (n = 17) completed four treatment sessions involving the administration of either placebo or 15-, 300- or 1500-mg pure CBD in a high-fat dietary supplement. Oral fluid was sampled, and the DrugWipe®-5S (DW-5S; 10 ng·ml⁻¹ THC cut-off) and Drug Test® 5000 (DT5000; 10 ng·mL⁻¹ THC cut-off) devices administered, at baseline (pretreatment) and ~20-, ~145- and ~185-min posttreatment. Oral fluid cannabinoid concentrations were measured using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) oral fluid CBD concentrations were highest at ~20 min, quantified as 0.4 (6.0), 15.8 (41.6) and 167 (233) ng·ml⁻¹ on the 15-, 300- and 1500-mg CBD treatments, respectively. THC, cannabinol and cannabigerol were not detected in any samples. A total of 259 DW-5S and 256 DT5000 tests were successfully completed, and no THC-positive tests were observed. Orally administered CBD does not appear to produce false-positive (or true-positive) tests for THC on the DW-5S and DT5000. The likelihood of an individual who is using a CBD (only) oral formulation being falsely accused of DUIC therefore appears low.     

Evaluation of RapidSTAT®, DrugWipe® 6S,DrugScreen® 5TK and DrugScreen® 7TR for on-site drug testing in German police roadside traffic patrol

Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) remains a subject of concern worldwide, and its increasing trend is likely to continue. Therefore, there is a constant need for reliable on-site drug tests to identify drugged drivers during roadside patrols. Performance and reliability of four on-site drug tests were evaluated among a high number of DUID cases in Germany. Results of oral fluid (OF) (RapidSTAT® and DrugWipe® 6S) and urine (DrugScreen® 5TK and 7TR) test devices were compared with corresponding serum/plasma results obtained by confirmation analyses in consideration of recommended analytical limits for substances pertaining the annex of the German Road Traffic Code (‘Straßenverkehrsgesetz’, StVG) s. 24a (2). Overall, the screening devices performed well for individual drugs; however, none of the test devices assessed in this study fulfilled the ROSITA-1 criteria (sensitivity, specificity ≥ 90% and accuracy ≥ 95%) for all substances. Our data demonstrated that both urine tests showed high sensitivities for most compounds. DrugWipe® 6S (94%) and RapidSTAT® (93%) revealed high sensitivities, especially for amphetamine screening. Poor specificities (<90%) and accuracies (<95%) were observed for all tests except for low-prevalent substances (e.g., opiates). For drug testing in OF, Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) still seems to be a compound of concern due to poor sensitivity (RapidSTAT®, 77%; DrugWipe® 6S, 85%), although the results indicate improvements compared with previously reported data. Although the obtained data indicate reliable detection for some substances, deployment of trained police officers is inevitable to identify DUID suspects by signs of recent use and recognising impairment.     

佐匹克隆对驾驶的影响

目的 探讨佐匹克隆对驾驶的影响,为药物驾驶立法提供参考。方法 参考国内外关于佐匹克隆的研究,从药理学特征、驾驶能力、驾驶安全、药物相互作用4个方面分析佐匹克隆对驾驶的影响,并分析佐匹克隆的检测方法和我国药物驾驶现状。结果 佐匹克隆会影响使用者的驾驶能力,但是否会升高驾驶事故发生率还存在争议。结论 人们驾驶时需提高对佐匹克隆的警惕,同时加大我国药物驾驶方面的研究,加快药物驾驶立法的进程。     

Driving in search of analyses

Although transportation safety has greatly improved over the past 2 decades, motor vehicle crash injuries remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly among young drivers. Driver errors and behaviors such as speeding and distraction contribute disproportionately to crashes among inexperienced novices, who develop safe driving judgment only with substantial driving experience, commonly described as the “young driver problem.” Research on young drivers has applied a range of research methods, including analyses of national archival data (mainly from police reports), crash analyses, observation of driver behavior, surveys of driver behavior and dispositions, and experimental research on driver behavior and vehicle crash worthiness. Prominent research questions regarding young driver safety include what and how do novices learn to drive safely, what are the predictors of young driver crashes, what is the variability and overtime trajectories of young driver performance and outcomes, and to what extent is the young driver problem due mainly to average population risk or high‐risk groups? Current research on young drivers is complicated by small sample sizes, relatively rare events, high within and between group variability, missing data, the need to estimate exposure, and the lack of longitudinal and experimental designs, problems that require complex analytic methods. In this paper, we provide an overview of driving research methods, examples of research addressing the young driver problem, and examples of statistical collaboration on young driver research, focusing particularly on estimating prediction of crash risk and estimating variability in young driver performance and outcomes.     

驾照体检中使用Humphrey自定义程序评估单眼视力障碍人群的视野

目的：研究Humphrey视野计设置专用自定义检查程序在评估单眼视力障碍者视野检查中的作用。

方法：回顾性分析2016-07-01/2017-06-30因申请驾驶执照在我院眼科接受视野检查的单眼视力障碍受检者的资料,均采用Humphrey自定义功能设置覆盖了从颞侧90°到鼻部60°、水平中线上下30°区域的检查程序,并设置相应的可靠性检测试验(“1 EYE Screening”程序检查),综合分析受检者的视野范围和测试的可靠性。

结果：排除重复测量报告后,本研究纳入单眼视力障碍受检者618例,单眼视力障碍最常见的原因是眼外伤(49.7%)和弱视(29.3%),受检者中有497例(80.4%)通过了测试,121例未通过测试者中有85例(70.2%)是由于鼻视野受限(小于60°),12例是因为眼球震颤或配合欠佳导致固视丢失。与测试失败组相比,通过组受检者年龄更大,人均正确应答点数更多,人均测试时间更短(均P<0.05)。通过组中,等效球镜度<0.5D的受试者占比明显高于失败组中的(77.5% vs 62.8%, χ²=7.264,P=0.007)。

结论：Humphrey 自定义检查程序“1 EYE Screening”可用于判断单眼视力障碍的驾驶执照申请者视野是否达到150°。