Antihyperglycemic activity of Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring

Aim of the study

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of the EtOH and H₂O extracts of Selaginella tamariscina (Beauv.) Spring on hyperglycemia in diabetic rats and HepG2 cells, and to confirm the active fractions of EtOH extract in HepG2 cells.

Materials and methods

HepG2 cells and type II diabetic rats induced by low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) and high-fat diet (HFD) were used to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of EtOH and H₂O extracts of Selaginella tamariscina. HepG2 cells were used to evaluate the promotive effect of different fractions of EtOH extract obtained from a polyamide column on glucose utilization.

Results

The results in HepG2 cells indicated that the EtOH extract had a better hypoglycemic effect than the H₂O extract. The results in diabetic rats indicated that both EtOH extract and H₂O extract were able to ameliorate the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level and improve oral glucose tolerance (OGTT). Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), free fatty acids (FFA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum were lowered. High density lipoprotein (HDL-c), insulin and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in serum were elevated as well as the hepatic glycogen content in diabetic rats. Compared with H₂O extract, the effects of EtOH extract were more marked. The 80% ethanol fraction exhibited a stronger hypoglycemic effect than the aqueous and 50% ethanol fractions, but the 95% ethanol fraction did not show any appreciable effects in HepG2 cells.

Conclusions

The results suggested that the EtOH extract had a better hypoglycemic effect than the H₂O extract; the 80% ethanol fraction from polyamide column had a strong hypoglycemic activity in HepG2 cells.     

急性肾损伤并肺部感染患者的抗菌方案阶段性调整探析

目的：对急性肾损伤并肺部感染患者临床抗菌方案进行评价和调整。方法：利用PK/PD理论优化抗菌治疗的综合评价参数的定量范围,以及根据CCr值（内生肌酐清除率）对用药方案进行调整。结果及结论：急性肾损伤初期处于肾衰阶段的患者,CCr大幅下降,全程使用PIP/TAZ（哌拉西林/他唑巴坦）4.5 g q8h的给药方案,其给药剂量或给药频次明显超量。对该类患者,建议初期采用PIP/TAZ 4.5 g q24h～q36h的给药方案,逐步过渡到4.5 g q8h。     

胱抑素C和估算的肾小球滤过率在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的应用

目的:探讨肾小球滤过率评估方程和胱抑素C(CysC)在糖尿病肾病中的应用。方法:测定2型糖尿病患者86例和20例健康体检者尿微量蛋白(MP)、尿微量白蛋白(M-Alb)、尿肌酐,血清肌酐(Scr)、血清胱抑素C;应用简化MDRD方程和Cockcroft-Gault方程(C-G)估算糖尿病患者的肾小球滤过率并与内生肌酐清除率比较。结果:糖尿病各组简化MDRD方程和Cockcroft-Gault方程估算的肾小球滤过率随内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)的降低而降低,Scr、CysC、MP、M-Alb随内生肌酐清除率(Ccr)的降低而升高;在60≤Ccr<90ml/[min·(1.73m2)],Scr、CysC、MP、M-Alb、MDRD-GFR、C-G-GFR的灵敏度分别为7.41%、14.8%、61.5%、55.6%、37.0%、40.7%。结论:CysC在GFR轻度异常时其灵敏度不如尿微量白蛋白、尿微量蛋白、用C-G方程、MDRD方程估算的肾小球滤过率。     

A case series of LMWH use in pregnancy: Should trough anti-Xa levels guide dosing?

Introduction

Pregnancy is a thrombogenic state, increasing the risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE), and the risk of valve thrombosis amongst women with mechanical heart valves (MHV). While low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) are generally dosed based on weight (i.e., enoxaparin 1 mg/kg every 12 hours), data in pregnant women have shown that weight-based dosing does not consistently achieve target anti-Xa levels. In women with MHV, our practice includes titrating LMWH doses to target both trough and peak anti-Xa levels, while for those with VTE peak anti-Xa levels guide dosing.

Materials/Methods

This retrospective case series included pregnant women requiring LMWH treatment doses with at least 3 peak (+/− trough) anti-Xa levels. Our primary objective was to describe the actual LMWH dose required to achieve targeted anti-Xa levels relative to weight-based dosing in patients with MHV. Secondarily, we compared the same for VTE patients; compared actual dosing between those with MHV and VTE; and examined maternal and fetal outcomes.

Results/Conclusion

Women with MHV (N = 4) required greater than weight-based dosing of enoxaparin (1.35 mg/kg Q12H) to achieve targeted anti-Xa levels. Importantly, achieving target peak anti-Xa levels did not always ensure maintenance of minimum trough levels. VTE patients (N = 12) did not require more enoxaparin (0.96 mg/kg Q12H) than weight based dosing. MHV patients received more enoxaparin compared to VTE patients (P < 0.001). No bleeding or clotting complications were associated with LMWH administration. In pregnant women with MHV at high risk of thromboembolism, LMWH dosing guided by trough and peak anti-Xa levels should be considered.     

Acute and subchronic oral toxicity assessment of the herbal formula Kai-Xin-San

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Kai-Xin-San (KXS) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula. It has been used in the treatment of diseases including neurasthenia, Alzheimer's disease and neurosis.

Aim of the study

To provide information on the potential toxicity of KXS, we evaluated the acute and subchronic toxicity in rodents.

Materials and methods

In acute study, a single administration of KXS was given orally to mice at doses ranging from 19.67 to 60.04 g/kg. In the sub-chronic oral toxicity study, KXS was administered to rats at 0, 1, 3 and 9 g/kg for 13 weeks. Moreover, 30 days of post treatment (withdrawal study) was conducted. Mortalities, clinical signs, body weight changes, food and water consumption, haematological and biochemical parameters, gross findings and organ weights were monitored during the study period.

Results

In the sub-chronic study in rats, daily oral administration of KXS at the dose of 9 g/kg/day result in significant increase in WBC, lymphocyte, alkaline phosphatase, blood sugar and significant decrease in bodyweight, serum Cre, CK and CHO at the last week of treatment. Recovery except for the body weight was observed after 30 days of post treatment.

Conclusions

KXS is relatively safe for oral medication. The LD₅₀ of KXS was over 32.59 g/kg for mice. The no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) was considered to be 19.67 g/kg/day for rats.     

高甘油三酯-葡萄糖乘积指数是慢性肾脏病发生的独立危险因素:基于3439例40～75岁人群的前瞻性队列研究

目的 探讨兰州市中老年人甘油三酯-葡萄糖乘积（TyG）指数与慢性肾脏病（CKD）的相关性。 方法 于2011年5月~2011年9月选取兰州市3个社区非CKD人群3868人建立队列研究人群,于2014年6月~2015年8月进行了平均3.1年的随访,排除随访资料缺失的人群后,共纳入3439人。根据TyG指数四分位数分为Q1组（TyG≤8.47）、Q2组（TyG 8.48~8.84）、Q3组（TyG 8.85~ 9.20）和Q4组（TyG>9.20）。用估计肾小球滤过率（eGFR）和尿白蛋白/尿肌酐（UACR）评价肾功能。 结果 高TyG指数的人CKD发生率较高（P<0.05）。随访后发生CKD的患者TyG指数高于非CKD人群（P<0.05）。 Logistic回归分析显示：TyG指数是异常eGFR及CKD发生的独立相关因素（P<0.05）。结论 高TyG指数是CKD发生的独立危险因素。     

血清胱抑素C在糖尿病肾病诊断中的临床价值

目的:评价血清胱抑素C(CysC)、血清肌酐(Crea)、尿素氮(URN)在糖尿病肾病(DN)中的诊断价值.方法:59例确诊的DN患者(DN组)、取同期健康体检者50例为对照组(Con组),检测两组血清CysC和Crea、URN的含量.结果:DN组中的血清CysC和Crea、URN的含量明显高于Con组(P<0.01);且DN组中血清CysC的阳性率明显高于血清Crea、URN的阳性率(P<0.05),而血清Crea、URN的阳性率比较无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论:检测血清CysC能较早反映DN患者的肾功能损伤.     

阳离子化牛血清白蛋白致大鼠慢性肾炎模型的研究

目的 探索利用阳离子化牛血清白蛋白(C-BSA)复制膜性肾病模型的可行性,探讨模型特点,以及模型对各项指标的影响及规律.方法 模型组隔日尾iv给予C-BSA溶液5 mg/只,持续6周;造模停止后继续观察4周.造模期第4、6周以及观察期第8、10周采集血样、尿样,测定血清生化指标、血常规指标、尿蛋白指标等,并留取相关脏器,计算脏器系数,并进行病理学检查.结果 造模期时,血清总蛋白、白蛋白明显下降,血脂明显升高,肌酐、尿素氮变化不明显;血浆黏度明显升高,全血黏度变化不大;尿蛋白明显增加,尿量减少,尿白细胞增加;血红细胞、血红蛋白降低;肾系数、脾系数明显提高,体质量明显下降;模型组动物肾脏可见不同程度的肾小管蛋白管型、肾小管扩张、再生肾小管、间质炎细胞浸润、肾小球鲍曼氏囊增厚.造模结束进入观察期后,模型出现一定程度的恢复,各项指标均向正常值趋近.结论 成功复制了大鼠C-BSA模型,模型稳定,临床表现典型,可重复性高.     

内脏脂肪指数在甲状腺功能正常人群血尿酸/血肌酐比值与代谢综合征发生风险间的中介效应研究

背景 我国代谢综合征（MS）患病率逐年升高,血尿酸（SUA）水平与MS的发生密切相关,由于SUA受肾功能影响,采用标化SUA〔SUA/血肌酐比值（SUA/Scr）〕可更好地预测MS。内脏脂肪指数（VAI）是衡量内脏脂肪蓄积程度的重要指标,可更直接地预测MS的发生风险。但目前在甲状腺功能正常人群中,关于VAI是否介导SUA/ Scr与MS关联的研究较少。 目的 探讨VAI在甲状腺功能正常人群中SUA/Scr与MS发生风险间的中介效应。 方法 选取2020年1月至2021年6月于河北省人民医院体检中心进行年度体检的10 042例体检人群。收集研究对象的基本信息,并进行体格检查和生化检测,计算SUA/Scr和VAI。采用中华医学会糖尿病学分会制定的标准诊断MS。将研究对象分别按照SUA/Scr水平四分位数和VAI四分位数,各分为4组：Q1~Q4组和V1~V4组。采用Pearson相关分析探究SUA/Scr与VAI的相关性;多因素Logistic回归分析探讨SUA/Scr和VAI对MS发生的影响;采用bootstrap方法分析VAI是否介导SUA/Scr与MS之间的关联。 结果 10 042例研究对象中,MS患者1 833例（18.25%）,非MS患者8 209例（81.75%）。Pearson相关分析结果显示,SUA/Scr与VAI呈正相关（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,与Q1组相比,Q2组〔OR=1.310,95%CI（1.039,1.651）〕、Q3组〔OR=1.372,95%CI（1.089,1.729）〕、Q4组〔OR=1.744,95%CI（1.381,2.203）〕人群发生MS的风险增加（P<0.05）;与V1组相比,V3组〔OR=6.721,95%CI（4.600,9.819）〕、V4组〔OR=33.327,95%CI（21.509,51.640）〕人群MS的发病风险增加（P<0.01）。中介效应分析表明,SUA/Scr对MS发病率具有直接影响〔β=0.154,95%CI（0.104,0.205）〕,并且VAI部分介导了SUA/Scr对MS发病率的影响〔β=0.183,95%CI（0.156,0.213）〕,中介效应占总效应的54.25%。 结论 甲状腺功能正常人群SUA/Scr和VAI是MS发生风险的预测指标,VAI部分介导了SUA/Scr对MS发病率的影响。     

抑炎因子IL-35与移植肾功能延迟恢复关系的研究

目的  探讨白细胞介素（IL）-35与移植肾功能恢复情况之间的关系。方法  回顾性分析45例心脏死亡器官捐献（DCD）供肾肾移植受体的临床资料。根据肾移植术后是否发生移植物功能延迟恢复（DGF）,所有受体分为早期肾功能恢复良好（IGF）组（32例）和DGF组（13例）。比较肾移植术后1、2、3、7、14、28 d及术后3个月、6个月、1年各时间点两组受体的血清肌酐（Scr）和估算肾小球滤过率（eGFR）水平;比较肾移植术后1、2、3、7、14、28 d各时间点两组受体血清和尿液IL-35含量。结果  DGF组受体术后肾功能恢复迟缓,术后7 d时Scr水平高于IGF组,eGFR水平低于IGF组,差异均有统计学意义（均为P < 0.05）。术后1年,两组受体Scr水平的差异无统计学意义,但eGFR仍存在较大差异,与IGF组相比,DGF组受体术后1年时eGFR仍降低（P < 0.05）。术后1、2、3、7、14 d,DGF组血清中IL-35含量均低于IGF组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（均为P < 0.05）;术后28 d,与IGF组相比,DGF组血清IL-35含量反而升高,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。术后1、2、3、7 d,DGF组尿液中IL-35含量均低于IGF组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义（均为P < 0.05）;术后14、28 d,两组受体尿液IL-35含量进行比较,差异均无统计学意义（均为P > 0.05）。结论  肾移植术后受体血清和尿液中IL-35含量低与DGF发生存在一定的联系,提示术后早期受体全身和移植肾局部抑炎应答过弱,过度的炎症应答得不到有效控制,可能是DGF发生的重要原因。