宁夏回族自治区消毒产品监管现状调查

目的了解宁夏回族自治区消毒产品经营和使用单位管理现状,为规范消毒产品监管提供依据。方法通过抽检方式,对辖区内涉消毒产品经营单位和使用单位进行抽样检查。结果共调查167家消毒产品经营单位,337种消毒产品。经营单位索证率为58.68%,标签说明书符合率为84.27%。调查169家消毒产品使用单位,151种消毒产品,使用单位索证率为63.31%,标签说明书符合率为83.43%。结论该区消毒产品经营和使用单位索证率均比较低,市场消毒产品存在标签说明书管理不规范情况,必须加强消毒产品市场监管和涉消毒产品单位监督监测力度。     

The National Institutes of Health Chemical Countermeasures Research Program (NIH CCRP): A collaborative opportunity to develop effective and accessible chemical medical countermeasures for the American people

The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) leads the nation in preventing, preparing for, and responding to the adverse health effects of public health emergencies and disasters. In addition to biological, radiological and nuclear agents, the risk of a high consequence public health emergency due to the intentional and/or accidental release of chemical agents is a major growing concern of the US government. As such, the federal government is fully committed to address public health security threats posed by chemicals. To enhance chemical emergency preparedness and response, HHS oversees the interdepartmental research, advanced development, regulatory review and approval, procurement, and stockpiling of medical countermeasures (MCMs). Within the National Institute of Health (NIH/HHS), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is responsible for the fundamental research and early development of MCMs to prevent deaths and/or treat injuries during and after emergencies due to large scale chemical exposure. This commentary provides an overview of the NIAID/NIH Chemical Countermeasures Research Program (CCRP) and resources to facilitate the research, discovery, and early development of chemical MCMs. Available product development resources include research funding opportunities, expert advice from the NIH, and preclinical and efficacy service support cores to reduce opportunity costs and entry barriers for prospective developers interested in entering or accelerating the development of chemical MCMs.     

Nonhuman primates as models for the discovery and development of radiation countermeasures

Introduction: Despite significant scientific advances over the past six decades toward the development of safe and effective radiation countermeasures for humans using animal models, only two pharmaceutical agents have been approved by United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) for hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS). Additional research efforts are needed to further develop large animal models for improving the prediction of clinical safety and effectiveness of radiation countermeasures for ARS and delayed effects of acute radiation exposure (DEARE) in humans.

Area covered: The authors review the suitability of animal models for the development of radiation countermeasures for ARS following the FDA Animal Rule with a special focus on nonhuman primate (NHP) models of ARS. There are seven centers in the United States currently conducting studies with irradiated NHPs, with the majority of studies being conducted with rhesus monkeys.

Expert opinion: The NHP model is considered the gold standard animal model for drug development and approval by the FDA. The lack of suitable substitutes for NHP models for predicting response in humans serves as a bottleneck for the development of radiation countermeasures. Additional large animal models need to be characterized to support the development and FDA-approval of new radiation countermeasures.     

非晶硒探测器点状脱膜伪影及其应对措施

目的 探讨乳腺X线摄影非晶硒探测器点状脱膜伪影及其空间分布特点与X线曝光参数(kV,mAs)之间的关系,并提出相应的应对措施.方法 用不同厚度乳腺体模在不同的X线曝光参数(kV,mAs)下成像,通过系统坏点检测程序计算点状脱模伪影数量与成像参数的关系并观察其空间分布特点.选择恰当的校准参数对非晶硒探测器进行校准后通过体模成像和临床实践,观察校准后点状伪影的变化.结果 不同厚度乳腺体模在不同的曝光参数成像时,点状脱膜伪影的空间分布特点和数量不同.恰当校准后,体模成像和临床实践显示,点状脱模伪影明显减少.结论 为了提高乳腺X线成像质量,需根据点状脱膜伪影与曝光参数的关系选择恰当的校准参数.     

29例肾病病人医院感染因素分析及护理对策

目的 :了解肾病住院病人发生医院内感染的特点和危险因素 ,制订有效监控措施和护理对策。方法 :采用回顾性调查方法对 5 96份病历逐一筛查 ,把符合医院感染诊断标准的 2 9份病历 ,用预先设计的统一表格逐份查阅登记。结果 :年龄大于 60岁的住院病人、医院环境、住院时间过长、原发病重、并发症多、抗生素不恰当使用是导致医院内感染的主要因素。结论 :保证病员有良好的环境 ;提高医院医疗护理质量 ,积极治疗原发病 ,预防并发症发生 ;缩短病人住院时间 ;加强基础护理和消毒隔离措施 ;合理使用抗生素是及时防治医院内感染发生的重要手段     

剖宫产率升高的原因分析及护理对策

分析了我国剖宫产率逐年升高的原因，并提出了开展健康教育、减少巨大儿、开展分娩镇痛及导乐陪伴分娩服务、提高助产技术等措施，以降低剖宫产率。     

临床护理带教工作中存在的问题及对策

从护生心理需求被忽视、护生职业损伤率高、护生病历书写水平低等方面阐述了临床教学中存在的问题,并提出了针对性的对策。     

野外环境下药品贮藏存在的问题与应对措施

目的 改善药品保存现状,保证官兵用药安全。方法 根据野外作战的环境特点,分析影响药品质量的因素。结果 药品质量受环境温度、湿度、空气、光线等影响较大,尤其是部队在野外遂行任务时,条件复杂多变,环境指标人为无法控制,若不能很好地贮藏,就容易出现质量问题。结论 药品作为一种特殊物资,在医疗保障工作中有着不可替代的作用,质量过硬的药品可以促进患者伤病早日康复,提高保障能力,进而提升部队的战斗力。     

短暂性脑缺血患者低密度脂蛋白和同型半胱氨酸水平分析及护理对策

目的探讨低密度脂蛋白和同型半胱氨酸对短暂性脑缺血（transient ischemic attack,TIA）患者的影响,针对危险因素,提供有效的、可操作的护理措施及健康教育,从而有效减少TIA的不良预后。方法选取2012年1月至2014年1月间在广州医科大学附属第一医院神经内科门诊和住院部首诊为TIA患者125例,首诊为脑梗塞患者68例,详细记录入选患者基数资料及实验室检查结果,分析TIA和脑梗塞患者低密度脂蛋白（low density lipoprotein,LDL）和同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine,Hcy）水平。结果TIA组患者在吸烟、饮酒、NIHSS评分、MRS评分与脑梗塞组比较差异有统计学意义,P〈0．05;脑梗塞组中低密度脂蛋白（LDL）和同型半胱氨酸（Hcy）水平较TIA组高,差异有统计学意义,P〈0．05。结论对初次发生TIA的患者,护士应针对病人的具体情况,采取重点环节,各个击破的方法进行有效的健康教育,协助其戒烟戒酒,控制饮食,积极降低LDL和Hcy水平,从而减少不良预后的发生。     

497例喹诺酮类药物的不良反应及对策

目的了解和分析某教学医院使用喹诺酮类药物发生的不良反应情况,分析药品不良反应发生原因及应对策略．防范或减少临床类似不良反应的重复发生。方法据某教学医院2004～2013年上报国家药品不良反应监测中心数据库的喹诺酮类药品不良反应进行统计分析。结果497例喹诺酮类不良反应涉及4个品种,其中左氧氟沙星最多,共计342例;环丙沙星106例;莫西沙星40例;洛美沙星9例。皮肤反应发生最多,有238例。严重不良反应14例。一般不良反应只需停药或对症处理,严重者需住院治疗。结论喹诺酮类药物在临床容易发生不良反应,应给予重视。