How people of African Caribbean or Irish ethnicity cope with long-term health conditions in UK community settings: A systematic review of qualitative,quantitative and mixed method studies

Living with a chronic or mental health condition can be challenging and requires considerable adjustment. As ways of coping are culturally influenced, it is important to understand how minority ethnic populations cope, to inform appropriate services. This review aimed to explore the coping strategies used by UK residents from an African Caribbean or Irish background between 1960 and 2020. A systematic literature search on strategies used to cope with chronic health conditions in both populations living in the United Kingdom identified 26 relevant studies. Data were extracted, quality of papers was appraised and critical interpretive synthesis was applied. Two major foci of the studies were coping strategies and barriers to coping. The main coping strategies were denial/scepticism, self-management, spirituality and religion. Within each population, there was variation in ways of coping. The review highlights the complex role of religion in influencing coping strategies. It demonstrates how personal and minority ethnic populations’ experiences of service use are connected with stigma, fear and mistrust, which also act as barriers to seeking help and to coping. Coping with a chronic or mental health condition in the Irish and African Caribbean populations is under-researched. Stigma, fear and mistrust in services act as key barriers to help-seeking and religion is a prominent coping strategy. However, few detailed examples were given on how it was used to assist individuals when managing a chronic or mental health condition. Also due to a lack of research, firm conclusions cannot be drawn for the Irish population.     

护士职业应对自我效能量表的汉化及信效度研究

目的 对英文版护士职业应对自我效能量表（occupational coping self-efficacy scale for nurses,OCSE-N）进行汉化,并检验中文版护士职业应对自我效能量表在中国护士群体中的信效度。方法 运用便利抽样方法抽取深圳市5所公立医院共1172名护理人员进行调查,运用SPSS 23.0软件和AMOS 23.0软件对数据进行信效度检测。结果 中文版护士职业应对自我效能量表的Cronbacha α为0.882,重测信度为0.991（95%CI:0.985～0.993,P＜0.01）。各条目-总分相关系数为0.482～0.683（P＜0.01）。内容效度指数（scale-level content validity index, S-CVI）:全体一致S-CVI为0.889,平均S-CVI为0.981,经探索性因子分析后,量表提取2个公因子,其累计方差贡献率为67.508%,各条目共同度为0.524～0.860;经验证性因子分析各拟合指标:卡方/自由度（〖XC小五号.EPS;P〗/df）为1.452,GFI为0.987,AGFI为0.977,RMR为0.035,NFI为0.977,IFI为0.969,均达到推荐标准。结论 中文版护士职业应对自我效能量表信效度良好,可以用来评价我国护理人员职业应对自我效能的测评工具。     

早期康复护理对脑卒中患者日常生活能力的影响

目的：为了检验早期康复护理对脑卒中患日常生活能力（ＡＤＬ）的影响,本对比观察了早期介入康复护理和一般临床护理（以下简称对照组）两组病例。结果：发现早期介入康复护理患的肩痛、肩手综合症的发生率较一般护理组明显降低（Ｐ〈０．０１）,Ｂ指数康复护理组较一般护理组明显提高（Ｐ〈０．０１）,而肩关节脱位发生率两组之间无明显差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。结论：说明早期介入康复护理能明显提高脑卒患的日常生活能力     

湖南麦饭石卫生学评价

目的　为开发利用湖南 Ｆ６、 Ｆ７ 麦饭石矿物营养的有益资源。方法　毒理学试验,观察实验动物存活、生长状况;生物活性实验,证实麦饭石中微量元素对动植物的营养作用。结果　急性、８０ 天生长试验实际无毒,并能提高小鼠的游泳耐力,延长金鱼存活时间,花卉枯萎时间后移,伤口愈合时间缩短以及吸附水中氰化物、铅、汞、砷、镉和甲醇等有毒物质。结论　麦饭石作为矿物营养资源具有广阔的的应用前景。     

The willingness to continue caring in family supporters of older people

Research has revealed the importance of characteristics of the supporter, the care-recipient, and circumstances of caregiving in the success or failure of community-based care of older people. The Dundee Study of Carers and Dementia examined factors associated with the maintenance and care of older people in the community, and with the impact of dementia on family supporters. Two hundred and twenty-eight family supporters of community-resident older people (≥65) (50% with dementia, 50% without, matched for age and sex) were interviewed. Supporters' responses to their relative's condition and circumstances, their ways of coping with stressful caregiving problems, and their willingness to continue their caregiving role, were assessed. Findings indicated that willingness to care and stress were associated in different ways with the supporter's response to his/her relative. Coping was found to be significantly associated with stress, response to relative, and willingness to care in only three out of a total of 45 tests. Willingness to care was positively associated with the coping behaviour internalization. The findings are discussed in the context of developing interventions for improving the well-being of supporters of an older relative in the community.     

新疆维,哈,汉族小学生体格和运动素质比较研究

目的：了解新疆的维吾尔、哈萨克、汉族小学生的体格发育和运动素质水平。方法：对1995年全国学生体质与健康调研资料进行比较分析。结果：汉族身高发育居优势,体格水平高,但运动素质起始水平低;维吾尔族体格发育水平相对低,身体充实度等提高,但肌力和柔韧性展现明显优势;哈萨克族体重水平最高,身体充实度高,速度、爆发力和耐力素质表现优异,但肌力和柔韧性素质表现较差。结论：应继续发挥这些民族学生的体质优势,努力改善其体格和运动素质方面的某些不足。     

Coping with rheumatoid arthritis. How can specialist nurses influence it and promote better outcomes?

• ? Psychological stressors are said to be an important influence on the outcome of chronic illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis (Engel, 1977).
• ? Helping patients to cope with stressors is identified as a central concept in the delivery of nursing care (Khan et al., 1994). It is thus reasonable to suggest that rheumatology nurses may be key players in the process of coping with rheumatoid arthritis.
• ? But in order for rheumatology nurses to be effective players in this process, they need to discourage coping behaviour(s) linked to poor outcomes, and/or promote an overall behaviour pattern linked to a better outcome. Literature showing the link between different coping behaviours and outcome is examined, and cognitive restructuring is emphasized as one method nurses could use.
• ? Having identified coping behaviour which is optimal in terms of future outcome, further study of different forms of coping-based educational intervention is suggested, to reveal how such patterns of behaviour can be taught by nurses in the most effective way

     

Matching pain coping strategies to the individual: A prospective validation of the Cognitive Coping Strategy Inventory

The validity of the Cognitive Coping Strategy Inventory (CCSI; Butler et al., 1989) was tested in a prospective fashion. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. Some were matched to a strategy for which they received a high CCSI score, some were mismatched to a strategy for which they received a low CCSI score, and some were given a choice of strategies. Those subjects using a matched strategy obtained better threshold and tolerance times on the cold pressor than subjects who used a mismatched strategy. Despite clear differences in exposure to the cold pressor these conditions did not differ from each other in self-reported levels of pain. It was concluded that the CCSI appears to be a valid and useful tool for selecting a coping strategy to help particular individuals manage acute pain. Though the CCSI is relatively easy to administer and score, the comparative costs and benefits of using it must be weighed against the somewhat more efficient approach of simply offering the subject a choice of treatments. Subjects given a choice of strategies performed as well as subjects matched to a strategy on the basis of CCSI scores.     

鼻咽癌放射治疗后听力的变化

目的 探讨鼻咽癌患者放疗前后听力的变化。方法 对63例鼻咽癌患者放疗前后采用纯音测听检测听觉功能。结果 鼻咽癌初次放疗对内耳感音功能无明显影响，对中耳传音功能有明显的改善作用。结论 鼻咽癌所致听力下降通过放疗可使听力得以不同程度的恢复。     

An Assessment of Gender Differences in the Perception of Benefit Resulting from the Loss of a Child

The current study focused on a sample of adults (N = 67) experiencing bereavement following the loss of a child. The Post Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) was used to assess whether bereaved parents were able to perceive benefit from their trauma, and whether there were gender differences in perception of benefit. The impact of the following variables on the PTGI was also assessed: the nature and length of time since the loss, and the age and marital status of the bereaved. The results indicated that bereaved parents do perceive benefit from their loss. However, there was poor evidence to suggest perception of benefit along gender lines. Results also indicated a potential relation between greater perception of benefit and those bereaved through illness, and more perception of benefit for the longer the time elapsed since the bereavement. Lastly, there was a tendency for younger individuals and married respondents to obtain higher scores on the PTGI.